Fourth Course

1
Fourth Course

• Tea, Chocolate, and the Printing Press
• Asia, the Americas, and the First Cookbook,
  13001500

2
Fourth Course Timeline
DATE EVENT
300 B.C.A.D. 200 Japan gets rice from China
3rd century A.D. Chinafirst mention of tea in written Chinese
618907 ChinaTang Dynasty
8th century ChinaThe Book of Tea written
804 Japan gets tea from China
9601279 ChinaSong Dynasty
1027 Chinese get green lentils from India and new rice from Vietnam
1100s Cahokia, Mississippian civilization, reaches its peak
13th century Mongols in Asia
1215 Japanfirst treatise on tea published
1325 Mexican/Aztecs arrive in presentday Mexico City
3
Fourth Course Timeline
DATE EVENT
13371453 Hundred Years War between France and England
13481350 Black DeathBubonic Plague devastates the world
14th century Renaissance begins in northern Italy
15th century Portugal explores Africa, India, to Spice Islands
14051433 ChinaZheng He explores
1454 GermanyGutenberg prints the Bible
1457 RomeVatican library acquires manuscript attributed to Apicius
1474 ItalyDe honest volunteer, first printed cookbook
1480 Ferdinand and Isabella reconvene the Spanish Inquisition
October 12, 1492 Columbus arrives in the Americas
1517 GermanyMartin Luther begins Protestant Reformation
16th century Sen. Risky, great Japanese tea master, transforms tea ceremony
4

• Genghis Khan, The Mongols
• Road horses for transportation
• Ate horse meat
• Drank mares milk
• Made Kumiss from fermented cows milk
• Drank horse blood
• Invented stirrups
• Were extremely ruthless

5

• China
• In 618, A new dynasty arose in China
• The Tang (619-907) The dynasty has a female
  emperor- Wu Zhao
• New foods of the day were Bananas, dates, citrus
  and palm grown in the south
• Litchi was the emperors favorite food.

6

• Foods Sugar cane, spinach, lettuce, almonds,
  figs and grapes were known
• Ale was an obsession and alcoholism was idealized
• The use of hallucinogenic drugs was widespread
• Salt was heavily taxed.
• The Tang Dynasty advanced The Arts
• Northern China (Beijing) had millet, meat and
  dairy products
• Southern China had rice, fish, pork, vegetables,
  and fruits

7

• Definition of Cuisine A self-conscious tradition
  of cooking and eating with a set of attitudes of
  food and its place in the life of man.
• Rice a- staple.
• A strain of rice was imported form Champs
  (Vietnam). The rice matured faster and provided
  two crops per season and was drought tolerant.
• The upper-class of the day ate polished white
  rice.

8

• The seven necessities
• Firewood, rice, oil, salt, soybean sauce, vinegar
  and tea. Why?
• What are the seven necessities of today? Lets
  make a list? ½ sheet- now
• In cities like Kaifeng and Hangchow, they had
  markets for grain, pork, beef, venison, horse,
  rabbits, fowl, veggies, fish, and fruit.

9

• During the Song Dynasty, the Upper class moved
  from sitting on the floor to chair seating.
• The Emperor had more than 1000 workers under
  guard.
• The lower class has street vendors which had
  noodle shops, snack shops which sold cakes and
  fried rice.

10

• State Banquets
• Very lavish with over two hundred dishes and
  table service of jade, pearl and sliver. Your
  station was based on where you sat and how many
  courses you received.
• China
• Huge country with massive natural recourses.
  Diets of both countries relied on rice.
• In 804, a Japanese monk brought back tea from
  China, which began the tradition of tea in Japan.
  Interesting!

11

• The way of Tea Four Values
• Reverence
• Respect
• Purity
• Tranquility
• The Tea Ceremony Heightens and involves the
  senses, small meals called Kaiseki. Sitting
  together, food is the flower of the Japanese
  cuisine.

12

• Soup, boiled Salmon, Seaweed, Chestnuts,
  mushrooms and rice.
• Europe the Bubonic Plague-The black Death. Rats
  covered with flees spread the plague far and
  wide, over seas and land. The plague was aided by
  poor nutrition and poor personal hygiene. It
  killed 25 million in Europe, 4 million in Asia
  and 35 million in China- Horrible!

13

• Reasons for the plague were not known but a rumor
  was spread that the Jews poisoned the water.
• The solution kill the Jews, how horrible, this
  started a migration to Eastern Europe and Poland,
  which became the Auschwitz in the 20th century.

14

• Italy- The Renaissance 1000 years after the fall
  of the Roman Empire, Italians found and
  rediscovered the culture and cuisine of the
  classic Greeks and Romans.
• The Renaissance was characterized by an increase
  in trade and learning and consideration for
  humanitism.
• The artists of the day were Michelangelo,
  Leonardo, Raphael, and Donatello

15

• In the 16th century, Italians were rich and
  powerful-
• The Medici Family was the most powerful. The
  family acted as the middleman between Arab
  traders in the East and Western Europe. They had
  so much money they became bankers and loaned
  money. They were the royalty of the era that were
  not born nobles.
• The upper-class has delicate meats such as
  partridges while the lower-class had bread.

16

• Germany The Printing Press
• In 1454, Johann Gutenberg invented the printing
  press, a major accomplishment. The Chinese had
  invented one earlier but with their intricate
  language it did not work well.
• The first book published-The Bible
• Books of the era were about health and
  immortality.
• In 1474, the first cookbook was published because
  it was a medical and life advise book that had
  recipes.

17

• Germany Martin Luther and the Protestant
  Reformation. In 1517 A German Monk, Martin Luther
  wrote of the 95 faults of the catholic church.
• The Pope excommunicated Luther, so he couldnt
  receive the sacraments.
• Later on, some princes protected Luther for two
  years while he translated the bible from Latin to
  German, so more people could read this cherished
  document.

18

• Portugal The Rise in World Trade and The Quest
  for Spices
• Prince Henry was a navigator and loved the idea
  of exploring.
• The Portuguese wanted to find a way to bypass the
  Arabs and Italian fleets and source spices and
  precious items directly to cut out the middleman.
  They sailed south down the coast around the Cape
  of Good Hope and up the east coast of Africa,
  across open sea east of India and arrived in
  Indonesia, then the Spice Islands.

19

• The Chinese were looking for a shorter route to
  the Middle East. From 1405-1433 Admiral Zheng He
  went on seven voyages. After a political shift in
  which the conservative Confucian Scholars who did
  not want to pollute China by engaging in business
  with foreigners, Zheng retired.
• The scholars declared it illegal to build a ship
  with more than two masts, which made
  long-distance travel impossible.

20

• The American Empire
• Think about this In North or South America no
  one had ever had measles, smallpox, diphtheria,
  or whooping cough (vaccinated shortly after
  birth), nor mosquito borne malaria, or typhus
  which is spread by lice, or even as simple as the
  common cold.
• There were no weeds like crabgrass or dandelions.
  No brown or black rats or bees. What did we do to
  the Americas?

21

• There were several cultures in North America.
  They were in
• Near present day St. Louis on the Mississippi
• In the Andes mountains in Peru
• Near the city now known as Mexico City
• They were held together by a complex set of trade
  routes.
• Interesting enough there were no carts because
  the native animals could not be domesticated,
  like polar, grizzly, brown and black bears,
  Jaguars, lynxes, and wolves.

22

• The Incas
• Ruled a large empire. From present day Ecuador,
  Peru, Bolivia, to Chile.
• The Incas built roads and bridges (14,000 miles)
• There capital City was Cuzco at 11,444 feet above
  sea level
• They mummified their dead.
• They worked with the Sweat of the sun, which
  was gold.
• No private ownership of land
• They grew quinoa, a grain
• Incas ate deer and a rabbit like animal called
  Vizcaha. Our beef jerky comes from the Incas
  because they air dried meat- llama.

23

• Another staple was guinea pig which they
  domesticated, it tasted like fishy pork, they
  said.
• They cultivated more than 3000 varieties of
  potato. They freeze dried potatoes.
• They stored water for future use.
• Corn from Mexico was a staple Inca food.
  Interestingly, their corn was not like ours, it
  had bigger kernels, and the taste and texture was
  different.
• Tomatoes and Chile peppers were native to Peru.

24

• Central America
• In 1325, the Mexicas or Aztecs arrived at what is
  now Mexico City
• The Aztecs worshiped a sun god which demanded a
  human sacrifice daily. The person had to walk up
  steps of a Pyramid to the altar, while alive
  their hearts were cut out, still beating and
  offered to the gods, the rest of the body was
  tossed down the steps, divided, stewed with maize
  and eaten. Cannibalism may have been a religion
  in those times.
• Aztecs worshipped the god of fire. Much of
  Mexicos cooking is from the Aztecs.
• Mothers taught daughters how to cook and at
  thirteen they were supposed to be accomplished
  cooks, like today?

25

• Being a cook was dangerous, when their nobility
  died they were buried with them alive!
• One of the most important foodstuffs was
  chocolate (cacahuatl) from the seeds of the cocoa
  plant. Chocolate was the preferred drink which
  was drunk lukewarm.
• Protein came from deer, rabbits, jackrabbits,
  mice, armadillos, snakes, gophers, opossums, and
  iguanas.
• Dogs (not like ours) were bred to be eaten. Water
  bugs, frogs, tadpoles, worm larvae were also
  eaten.

26

• The Southwest
• Very Ingenious Ancient native people built
  communal housing for up to maybe 1000 people.
  They had a three-crop growing system. The three
  sisters corn, beans, and squash corn grew up,
  beans were trellised, and the big leaves of the
  squash would keep the ground moist (mulch).
• Chiles contain capsaicin an active ingredient
  which stimulates pain in the mouth. Fire/sweat
  (David Letterman)

27

• The 151,780 in 1991 U.S. Dollars would yield 200
  profit and Spain a great Nation- A very wise
  investment.
• Christopher Columbus, with the Nina, Pinta, and
  Santa Maria, set sail on August 2, 1492.
• They had food for one year mostly dried and
  salted. Rice, dried chickpeas, beef,
  pork,anchovies and sardines, casks of olive oil
  and wine for 1 ½ liter per day and hardtack,
  which was solid unleavened biscuit. They would
  supplement their diets with fish if caught.
  Cooking was held to a minimum, one pot meals at
  best and rats, roaches and lice were always
  there.
• On the initial voyage from the Canary Islands,
  they were at sea for 33 days and finally saw
  land, they were on the Eastern Bahamas.

28

• They claimed the land for Spain.
• They were met by indigos-Indians who were naked,
  good-looking and friendly.
• They had wooden weapons and Columbus thought
  they would be easy to convert to Christianity.

29
The End of The Fourth Course
30
(No Transcript)
31
(No Transcript)