Historical Studies

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Historical Studies

• Revision

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Overview
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Influences

• Industrialisation urbanisation
• Social classes
• Communications
• Religious secular groups

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Popular Recreation
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Public Schools Athleticism
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Rational Recreation
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Elementary School Developments from Drill to
Physical Education

• The Emergence of Physical Education
• Effects of 2nd World War
• Moving Growing
• Expansion into the 1960s

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Social Determinants which Influenced the
Development of Sport PE

• Communications and the Development of Sport
• Sport and the Age of the Stage Coach
• Rail Travel and Sport
• Cycling and Road Improvement

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Progression of Activities - Contests

• Rational recreation -
• Activities boxing, fencing, archery
• Social class involvement, organisation
  codification clubs, governing bodies,
  championships
• Regularisation societal respectability
  recreational, respectable, professional

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Progression of Activities - Games

• Rational Recreation
• Activities invasion games, target games, court
  games
• Social class involvement, organisation
  codification clubs, governing bodies,
  championships
• Regularisation societal respectability
  recreational, professional

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Progression of Activities Outdoor Activities

• Rational Recreation
• Activities rowing, yachting dinghy sailing,
  mountaineering rock climbing, skiing, canoeing,
  cycling
• Social class involvement, organisation
  codification clubs, governing bodies,
  championships, romanticism conquest

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Progression of Activities Individual Activities

• Rational Recreation
• Activities amateur athletics, swimming,
  gymnastics
• Social class involvement, organisation
  codification clubs, governing bodies,
  championships, fitness
• Regularisation societal respectability
  recreational, respectable

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Popular Recreation
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Athleticism in 19th Century English Public Schools
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Boys Athleticism
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Girls Athleticism
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Relationships between Public School PE Sport in
Society - 19th Century

• Conceptual
• Institutional
  Education
• PE
• middle upper classes
• Elitist Catharsis Character development Health D
  efence Empire
• Leisure Class Participation through
  Stringent organisation
  Nationalism
• amateurism competition
• Sport Society

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Relationship between Public Schools Sport in
Society - Activities
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Relationship between Public Schools Sport in
Society Continued
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Question - Describe the growth of Athleticism in
the 19th Century Public Schools

• Introduction -
• Athleticism association of character training
  ethic of manliness with physical activities.
• Statement of intent chronological description
  centred on the Barbarian examples, illustrating
  the increase in significance scope of physical
  activities, together with the growing association
  with character building qualities. There are 3
  developmental stages

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In conclusion

• Gradual change in philosophy of the school
  authority their attitudes ot physical
  activities.
• Structural changes from primitive acts organised
  by the boys in their own free time to a
  compulsory subect dominating the rest of the
  curriculum.
• Fundamentally registering a change from
  intellectual based education system to one
  promoting moral social standards to produce a
  quality of life for young gentlemen, expressed in
  the vitality of Muscular Christianity patriotic
  nationalism.

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Values in Athleticism (preparation for a
leadership role in society)

• Socialisation Asceticism
• (loyalty to the group) (moral / physical
  commitment)
• Social Psychological Physical
• to avoid too much to form manly virtues to
  produce robust, active fit men
• excitement
• Social cohesion conforming promoting
  physical health
• to authority good habits
• leadership loyalty
• Preventing anti-social stop over-studying
  toughen
• Behaviour up indulgent society
• games elite
• Status of games over work competitive
  experience constructive
• use of leisure time

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Rational Recreation (in Victorian England)
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Rational Recreation continued

• 1. Activities challenge / competition (physical
  endeavour / moral integrity)
• Individual Activities Games
• Outdoor swimming
  athletics gymnastics contests games
• Pursuits
• fluid fixed court
• 2. Social orientation
• Class amateur professional
• exclusivity conciliation spectator
• 3. Organisation
• Regularisation codification stringent
  administration

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Rational Recreation continued

• 4. Social agencies relationships
• internal
• Schools industry religious
  secular
• Athleticism industrial associations
  associations
• sports clubs eg YMCA eg
  volunteers
• societal impact
• 5. Social Factors
• Classification urbanisation free time
  communications
• population expansion
  solvency travel media
• Political climate Economic
  Climate
• Geographical Situation

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PE in (State) Elementary (Primary) Schools
1870-1960
PE in (State) Elementary (primary) Schools
1870-1960

• 1870s Drill.

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Lesson Activities
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Relationships between State School PE Sport in
Society - 20th Century

• Working classes
• Drill Occasional Pub Sports
• preparedness limited free time
  traditional
• Health obedience
• P.T. Organised Games
• Opportunities
• as amateurs Professional
• spectator roles
• P.E. Widening
• Shared concepts Access to Sport Recreation

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Relationships between State School PE Sport in
Society - 20th Century

• Equality of provision similar in state education
  leisure. Enthusiastic teachers developed
  athletics games as extra-curricular. These led
  to clubs like cricket in Worcestershire in 1886
  teams were boys teachers. Gym clubs formed.
• 19th Century view upper middle classes should
  pay for working classes to be educated, but not
  for games resulting in only drill being
  developed
• Minimal provision of buildings, no special PE
  facilities or playing fields
• London inter school football matches, swimming
  mainly for boys, usually without financial aid
• 1st World War attitudes changed towards values
  rights of working class to recreation in
  society as a feature of PE.
• Swedish Drill adopted, undermining the
  development of apparatus gymnastics limited
  recruitment into gym clubs