The Age of Napoleon

1
The Age of Napoleon

• Is this what the French Revolution was all
  about???

2
(No Transcript)
3
Napoleon Bonaparte

• Born in 1769 on the island of Corsica Napoleon
  was educated in French military schools.
• Napoleon was a radical Jacobin meaning that he
  believed in the radical ideals of the French
  Revolution.
• The revolutionary government used Napoleon and
  his military expertise to battle the Austrians
  (and other Europeans) who were attacking France
  in order to end the Revolution.

4
(No Transcript)
5

• In 1799, the Directory fell apart and Napoleon
  used his troops to restore order and take
  control.
• Napoleon used terms from the old Roman Republic
  and named the new French government THE CONSULATE
  with himself as First Consul.
• Napoleon continued to attack the nations of
  Europe first saying France needed to defend the
  revolution then justifying the attacks by
  stating that France needed to spread the ideals
  of the revolution throughout Europe.

6
(No Transcript)
7
(No Transcript)
8
The French Empire

• In 1804, a PLEBISCITE was held and the voters of
  France voted to create an empire with Napoleon
  Bonaparte as NAPOLEON I EMPEROR.
• What happened to democracy? Liberty? Equality?
  Fraternity?
• From a period of universal manhood suffrage bit
  by bit voting rights had been reduced until
  voting was controlled by the wealthy BOURGEOISIE
  (the former wealthy 3rd Estate). The wealthy
  bourgeoisie wanted the stability Napoleon as
  emperor would bring.

9
(No Transcript)
10
(No Transcript)
11

• Josephine

12
Napoleon as Emperor

• Napoleonic Code recodified the laws of France
  with the right to property as one of the
  strongest elements of the law.
• Bank of France
• Public school system to spread the revolutions
  ideals
• Meritocracy positions in government and the
  military given on the basis of merit rather than
  birth or wealth.
• THE CONCORDAT with the pope Napoleon brought
  religion back to France. The pope recognized
  Napoleon as ruler in exchange for the return of
  the Catholic Church BUT religious toleration
  remained.

13
Napoleon and the World at War

• Napoleon first began fighting to save the
  revolution then to spread the revolution then
  to control all of Europe.
• 1805 Great Britain, Austria, Russia and Sweden
  formed a new coalition of nations to defeat
  Napoleon.
• Great Britain was Napoleons greatest enemy
  this was a battle to see which nation would
  control the world.

14
The Battle of Trafalgar

• Napoleon knew that in order to defeat Great
  Britain he would have to defeat the British
  navy and then invade the island.
• All was lost when British Lord Horatio Nelson
  defeated the French fleet off the coast of Spain
  at Trafalgar in 1805.

15
(No Transcript)
16
(No Transcript)
17

• Lord Horatio Nelson

18
(No Transcript)
19
(No Transcript)
20
(No Transcript)
21
(No Transcript)
22
The Continental System

• The French knew that without invading Britain
  the only way to defeat the British was to destroy
  their economy.
• As an island nation Britain was dependent on
  sea trade for survival.
• Napoleon forced the nations of Europe to stop all
  trade with Britain THE CONTINENTAL SYSTEM.
• The French and British navies blockaded each
  others port in attempts to strangle trade.
• December 1805 Napoleon defeated the Russians
  and Austrians at the Battle of Austerlitz.
• Napoleon and France seemed unstoppable.

23
(No Transcript)
24
Napoleons Reorganization of Europe

• French Empire directly included France, Belgium,
  the Netherlands, portions of Italy.
• He dismantled the Holy Roman Empire and
  reorganized the western German states as the
  CONFEDERATION OF THE RHINE.
• By 1812 all of Europe was controlled by
  Napoleon except for Russia, Great Britain,
  Sweden, and Portugal.

25
What went wrong for Napoleon?

• Nationalism a person's sense of allegiance to
  his nation/ethnicity as opposed to allegiance
  to a religion or a multi-ethnic empire.
• As Napoleon controlled new areas of Europe he
  destroyed their old governments and feudal ways.
• The Napoleonic Code became the law of all
  conquered territories.
• IN FACT Napoleon spread the ideals of the
  French Revolution WHICH WOULD BE HIS
  DOOM!!!!!!!!!!!!

26
Napoleon Bit Off More Than He Could Chew!!

• 1812 Napoleon attacked the sleeping giant
  RUSSIA under Tsar Alexander I
• Over 500,000 soldiers marched with Napoleon
  toward Moscow.
• BUT the Russian winter started and Napoleon was
  far from home
• BUT the Russians instituted a scorched earth
  policy burning Moscow
• BUT the cold and starvation meant that only
  100,000 returned to Paris.

27
Napoleons Defeat

• By April of 1814, Napoleon had been defeated by
  his enemies.
• He abdicated and went into exile on the island of
  Elba off the coast of Italy.
• The French government minister CHARLES-MAURICE de
  TALLYRAND helped to reorganize the French
  government under the rule of LOUIS XVIII the
  younger brother of the executed Louis XVI.
• The victors over Napoleon met in Vienna to
  organize a post-Napoleon/post-French Revolution
  Europe.

28
The Congress of Vienna

• The players
• Russia Alexander I
• Prussia Frederick William III
• Britain Lord Castlereagh for George III
• Austria Prince Clemens von Metternich
• France Talleyrand for Louis XVIII
• They were united by the desire to turn back the
  clock to 1789 REACTIONARY
• The British had already achieved the TREATY OF
  CHAUMONT March 1814 which restored the Bourbon
  monarchy (Louis XVIII) and pulled France back to
  its 1792 borders.

29

• Alexander I

30

• Frederick William III

31

• Castlereagh

32

• Metternich

33

• Talleyrand

34

• Louis XVIII

35

• Louis XVIIs
• heart

36

• Quadruple Alliance Britain, Russia, Prussia,
  and Austria agreement to keep the peace of
  Europe for twenty years.
• Land changes
• Kingdom of the Netherlands
• Prussia given lands along the Rhine to deter any
  possible French aggression a cause of World War
  I
• Austria given control of northern
  Italyremember this during the unification of
  Italy a cause of World War I

37
But wait!!!! The Hundred Days

• 1 March 1815 Napoleon returned and raised a huge
  army. Louis XVIII fled and Napoleon took Paris.
  He promised a liberal constitution and peace with
  his neighbors.
• The Allies declare Napoleon an outlaw.
• 18 June 1815 the British under the Duke of
  Wellington and the Prussians defeat Napoleon in
  Belgium at the Battle of Waterloo. He is sent
  back into exile on St. Helena off the coast of
  Africa. He dies in exile in 1821.

38
Invalides
39
(No Transcript)
40
(No Transcript)
41
(No Transcript)
42
(No Transcript)
43

• Napoleon II

44
(No Transcript)
45
The Congress of Vienna continues

• The Hundred Days terrified the Allies they move
  even more reactionary
• France is forced to submit to an army of
  occupation and to pay a war indemnity
• Alexander I establishes the HOLY ALLIANCE between
  Russia, Prussia, and Austria reactionary
  movement by Christian monarchs to maintain peace

46
The Legacy

• Napoleon illustrated the supremacy of the
  bourgeoisie
• Nationalism and Liberalism were spread throughout
  Europe
• Established monarchs were shown to be vulnerable
• These changes added to the developing
  Industrial Revolution would bring Europe into
  the modern age.

47
(No Transcript)
48
The Germans after Napoleon

• The Holy Roman Empire was dissolved after 1000
  years.
• The Habsburgs began to look east and concentrated
  on controlling eastern Europe instead of the
  Germans CAUSE OF WORLD WAR I!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

49

• Francis/Franz II
• Last Holy Roman Emperor

50

• Marie Louise
• Napoleon II

51

• Holy Roman Empire 1789

52

• The German state of Prussia grew in size and
  strength as it fought Napoleon.
• The territorial gains after the Congress of
  Vienna left Prussia as the largest ethnically
  German kingdom.
• Prussia began a fifty year conquest of the German
  people that would end in 1871 with the creation
  of the German Empire this too led to WORLD WAR
  I.

53
(No Transcript)