NOAA Ocean Exploration and Research. Follow up Teache

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Learning Ocean Science through Ocean
ExplorationNOAA Ocean Exploration and Research
Follow up Teacher Professional Development
Workshop Slides provided for classroom use


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Life in the Deep Sea
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Physical Challenges of the Deep Sea

• Many abiotic factors contribute to zonation in
  the
• ocean
• Pressure
• Light
• Temperature
• Salinity
• Dissolved oxygen
• Mineral nutrients

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Pressure

• 33 ft. of water 1 Atmosphere of Pressure
• 1 Atmosphere of Pressure 14.7 Pounds Per Square
  Inch (PSI)
• Calculate Pressure at 4,000 feet.
• Remember sea level is 1 atm.

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• Pressure at 4,000 feet
• 4000 ft /33 121.2 atm
• 1 atm at sea level
• 121.2 1 122.1 atm
• 122.2 atm x 14.7 lbs/in2 1796.4 psi

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• 33 ft. 10 meters 1 atmosphere
• Pressure at 1,219 meters
• (1219 m 10 m/atm) 1 atm 122 atm
• 122 atm x 14.7 lbs./in2 1793.4 psi

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Compressed Cups

• Search
• Compressed cups
• Shrunken cups
• Wig heads
• Using the search function on the OE Web site
  Home page.

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Color Spectrum

• ROYGBIV
• LOW ENERGY gtgtgtgt HIGH ENERGY

400 nm
700 nm
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Light Zones
PHOTIC/SUNLIGHT ZONE 200 m Plants thrive food
relatively abundant
DYSPHOTIC/TWILIGHT ZONE 1000 m Dim light cant
support plants, reduced food 20 of photic zone
production T 23 gtgt 4 degrees C (thermocline)
APHOTIC/MIDNIGHT ZONE below 1000m Perpetual
darkness only 5 of photic zone food production
T 4 degrees C
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• Chemiluminescence the production of visible
  light by a chemical reaction.
• Bioluminescence a form of chemiluminescence.
• Fluorescence the absorption of light at one
  wavelength and its re-emission at a different
  wavelength, or color driven by absorption of
  light energy vs. chemical energy produces light
  only when being irradiated.
• Phosphorescence Similar to fluorescence but
  maintains the glow much longer after the
  irradiation is removed.

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Who has the Light? 2004 Deep Scope Expedition
Key Every light producing process requires a
source of energy (chemical, electrical,
mechanical, or light).
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Bioluminescent Organisms
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Characteristics of Twilight Zone Fishes (200m
1000m)

• Photophores on ventral surfaces (countershading)
• Small in size (food scarce)
• Large mouths relative to body size
• Unhingeable jaws to swallow large prey
• Large teeth
• Many are black or red (invisible)
• Large eyes (capture available light)
• Vertical migrators (up to photic zone at night)
• - Black or silver
• - Well-developed swim bladders/muscles/bones
• Non-migrators (remain in twilight zone)
• - No swim bladder/weak bones/flabby muscles

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Shining Tubeshoulder

• This shiny, black fish has photophores on its
  belly and a strange tube on each shoulder. These
  tubes can release a glowing slime. The slimes
  glow may distract predatory fishes while the
  tubeshoulder escapes into the darkness. Grows to
  13 inches long.

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Gulper Eel
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ViperfishChauliodus  sp.
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Characteristics of Midnight Zone Fishes (1000m )

• Single largest habitat on earth!
• No countershading bioluminescence
• Fewer photophores on heads and sides
• Eyes often absent or reduced
• Fish sluggish or usually immobile
• Flabby muscles, weak skeletons
• Almost all lack swim bladder
• Huge mouths
• Small size
• Black in color

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Blackdevil anglerfish
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Bristlemouth Photostomias guernei

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Ocean Explorer Web Site

• http//oceanexplorer.noaa.gov

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• Fishy Deep-sea Designs!
• Lesson Plan (on Web site)
• www.oceanexplorer.noaa.gov
• Mountains in the Sea 2004 Expedition

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Fishy Deep Sea Designs -
Ocean Literacy Essential Principles and
Fundamental Concepts
EP 5 Ocean supports great diversity of
life. FC d. Ocean biology provides unique
examples of adaptations. FC f. Ocean
habitats defined by environmental
factorssuch aslightpressure ocean life
is not evenly distributed.
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Hydrothermal Vents

• First discovery in 1977
• -Spreading ridge east of Galapagos Islands
  divergent plates
• Water
• - Up to 400 degrees C (doesnt boil, too
  much pressure)
• - Highly acidic
• - Large amounts of hydrogen sulfide (toxic
  to most animals)
• sulfides of iron, zinc, copper, and other
  metals precipitate
• and disburse as black smoke black
  smokers
• May be more than a mile deep
• - No light
• - No photosynthesis chemosynthetically
  based food web

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Hydrothermal Plumes
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Hydrothermal Vent Chemistry
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• Chemosynthesis
• The use of energy released by inorganic
  chemical reactions to produce food (hydrogen
  sulfide, methane, etc.)
• Photosynthesis
• The use of solar energy to make organic
  matter.
• 6CO2 6 H2O C6H12O6 6O2

Light energy
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1 Light Energy 2 Carbon dioxide (CO2) and
water (H2O) 3 Sugar (C6H12O6) 4 Oxygen
(O2)
1 Chemical Energy 2 Hydrogen sulfide (H2S),
Carbon dioxide, and oxygen 3 Sugar (C6H12O6) 4
Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4)
http//www.divediscover.whoi.edu/vents/light.html
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Photosynthesis
6CO2 6H2O C6H12O6 6O2
Chemosynthesis
6CO2 6H2O 3H2S C6H12O6 3H2SO4
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FOTOSSÍNTESE
Carbon C
Hydrogen H
Oxygen O
Sulfur S
CO2 Carbon Dioxide
C6H12O6 Sugar
H2SO4 Sulfuric Acid
O2 Oxygen
H2O Water
H2S Hydrogen Sulfide
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Candy Chemosynthesis Ocean Literacy Essential
Principles Fundamental Concepts
EP 5 The ocean supports a great diversity of
life. FC b. Most life in the ocean
exists as microbes. Microbes are the
most important primary producers in the
ocean. FC g. There are deep ocean
ecosystems that are independent of
energy from sunlight and photosynthetic
organisms.
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Lets Make a Tubeworm - LP 18 Pg. 141
Hydrothermal vent tubeworms Riftia pachyptila
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Chemosynthetic clams Galapagos Rift
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• Giant clams
• Galapagos Rift 2002

Dr. Tim Shank
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Inside a Tubewormfrom NOVA Web site
www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/abyss/life/tubeworm.html

• Tubeworms are animals yet they have no mouth, no
  stomach, and no intestine.
• How do they live?

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Deep-sea Tubeworm Anatomy
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Plume

• Soft, bright-red structure
• Brings in oxygen carbon dioxide from seawater
• Brings in hydrogen sulfide from vent water
• Hemoglobin (red color in the plume) transports
  these 3 ingredients without a violent reaction
  between them

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Vestimentum

• Mission Control
• Muscular - anchors upper portion of worm in tube
• Provides safe passage for blood from plume to
  trophosome
• Generates new tube material
• Holds the reproductive pores from which the worm
  releases sperm or eggs during spawning these
  combine in the water to make baby tubeworms
• Harbors simplified versions of the two organs
  that most closely bind this primitive creature to
  its fellow animals the heart and the brain

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Trophosome

• This organ of dark green-brown spongy tissue
  is where the real action takes place
• 285 billion bacteria (microbes) per ounce of
  tissue live symbiotically in special cells.
• Absorbs the 3 ingredients pumped down from the
  plume - oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen
  sulfide - and controls their reaction.
• Microbes use the chemical energy released from
  the oxidation of sulfide into sulfate to fix
  carbon dioxide into the organic carbon that
  nourishes both the microbes and the worm.

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Trunk

• Imagine having no anus. Well, tubeworms dont
  need one because they dont eat solid food.
• They take up the dissolved gases, hydrogen
  sulfide, oxygen and carbon dioxide across their
  plume.
• And must excrete the waste product, sulfuric acid
  across their plume.
• Hydrothermal vent tubeworms can live several
  decades.
• Sulfide in the worm's bloodstream gives the
  animal its powerful rotten-egg stench.

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Tube

• Hard parchment-like cylinder, varies in thickness
  between and even within species of tubeworm
• Basically like the shell of a lobster or crab,
  but softer.
• Grows as the worm grows, providing a safe home
  for the animal
• Delicate gill-like plume, which is the tubeworm's
  only exposed part can be retracted into the tube
  at a moment's notice

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Opisthosome

• Like the vestimentum, the opisthosome produces
  new tube material and helps anchor the worm in
  its tube and into the seabed
• Often planted deep within the crevices of a black
  smoker or vent
• Giant tubeworm tubes can grow well over a yard
  long
• Temperatures at a worm's plume 35F (1-2C)
  while at its base 86F (30C)

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Lets Make a Tubeworm!

• Red felt plume
• Red pipe cleaner muscle attached to plume
  enables it to retract
• Black paper vestimentum
• Plastic bag trophosome
• Shredded paper bacteria
• Paper towel tube trunk
• White paper tube
• Egg carton opisthosome

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LP 22 Pg. 162
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Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
www.divediscover.whoi.edu/
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This Old Tubeworm LP 19 Pg. 144

• VENT COMMUNITIES www.bio.psu.edu/hotvents
• Very dynamic, dramatic changes over short periods
• Sudden changes as 400C water erupts
• Highly acidic (large amounts of toxic hydrogen
  sulfide)
• High growth rates - Riftia
• Tubeworms may have highest invertebrate growth
  rates on the planet
• SEEP COMMUNITIES www.bio.psu.edu/cold_seeps
• More consistent
• Energy rich fluids seeping out of ocean floor due
  to geology
• Slow, steady release of methane and hydrocarbons
• Growth rates?

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Mussels at Methane Seeps Gulf of Mexico
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Tubeworm Bush
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Tubeworm Bush
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Tubeworms stained with methylene blue dye
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New Growth! (14 months)
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Lamellibrachia Growth Rate
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Worksheet Math
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Answer key
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Multimedia Discovery Missions
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LP18 and LP 19 - Ocean Literacy Essential
Principles Fundamental Concepts

• EP 5 Ocean supports great diversity of life
• FC g. There are deep ocean ecosystems that
  are independent of energy from
• sunlight and photosynthetic
• organisms. Hydrothermal ventsand
• methane cold seeps rely on chemical
  
• energy and chemosynthetic organisms
  
• to support life.

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Reaching Out in New Ways with Respect to Ocean
Issues

• The ocean is largely unexplored.
• The ocean is home to more than 95 of life on the
  planet.
• The ocean plays a role in global climate change
  that we dont yet understand.
• We dont understand the complexities of
  interactions between the ocean and the
  atmosphere.
• The ocean provides numerous compounds used in
  pharmaceuticals.
• The ocean belongs to future generations.

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Contact Information
Web Site www.oceanexplorer.noaa.gov Education
Program Manager, Susan Haynes Email
susan.haynes_at_noaa.gov Phone [phone] Lead
Program Instructor, Melissa Ryan Email
melissa.ryan_at_noaa.gov Phone [phone]