GOESPOES Status, Orbits, and Products

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GOES/POES Status, Orbits, and Products

• Dr. Bernie Connell
• CIRA/NOAA-RAMMT
• March 2005

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Outline

• GOES vs. POES
• GOES Satellite and Sensors
• Orbit
• Image Scheduling
• Channels and Products (Imager and Sounder)
• POES
• Orbit
• Image Availability
• Channels and Products

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Why do you need to know this?

• Let you know what resources are available
  currently or what resources will be available in
  the future
• Help you understand key features of the various
  satellites.
• Define periods when you expect to view images.
• Define what is happening when you do not see
  images.

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GOES vs. POES
850 km

• Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite
  geo-synchronous orbit 35,800 km above the
  earth
• Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental
  Satellite sun-synchronous orbit 850 km above the
  earth

35,800 km
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The GOES and POES Systems

• Environmental Sensing
• Acquisition, Processing, and Dissemination of
  imaging and sounding data.
• Space environment monitor
• Data Collection
• Interrogate and receive data from earth
  surface-based Data Collection Platforms
• Data Broadcast
• Continuous relay of weather facsimile and other
  meteorological data to small users
• Relay of distress signals from aircraft or marine
  vessels to the search and rescue ground station

GOES I-M DataBook, NOAA KLM Users Guide
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Characteristics of GOES

• Observes events and their evolution
• Repeat coverage in minutes (t 15 or 30 minutes
  (or less))
• Full earth disk
• Restricted viewing of high-latitudes due to large
  viewing angles excellent viewing of the tropics
• Same viewing angle for fixed point
• Differing solar illumination for fixed point
  throughout the day
• Resolution visible 1 km , infrared 4 km
• sounder 10 km
• Constant hourly viewing helps get clear field of
  view for sounding
• Passive sensors

Satellite Meteorology Remote Sensing Using the
New GOES Imager
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Characteristics of POES

• Observes events at fixed and infrequent times
• Repeat coverage twice daily (t 12 hours)
• Global coverage
• Excellent viewing of all latitudes
• Varying viewing angle
• Same solar illumination
• Resolution visible 1 km, infrared 1 km
• sounders microwave 10-50 km, infrared - 20
  km
• Microwave helps with atmospheric and surface
  detection in the presence of clouds
• Passive and Active sensors

Satellite Meteorology Remote Sensing Using the
New GOES Imager
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Image Resolution

• The design of the sensor and resulting image
  resolution is determined by many factors
• Detail in the horizontal (imagers)
• Detail in the vertical (sounders)
• Satellite distance from earth (36,000 km vs. 850
  km)
• Resolving power of the lens and the wavelength of
  radiation.
• Size of sensor (cost)

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Active vs. Passive Sensors

• A passive sensor measures energy emitted by
  another source.
• An active sensor, such as a weather radar,
  measures the return signal from a pulse of energy
  emitted by the sensor itself.

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Multispectral vs. Hyperspectral

• Multispectral sensors sensors that collect
  imagery for a small number of broad wavelength
  bands
• Hyperspectral sensors sensors that collect
  imagery for a large number (hundreds) of narrow
  contiguous wavelength bands.

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The GOES Spacecraft
GOES-8 Spacecraft
GOES I-M DataBook
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Area Scan
Imager
(For GOES 8 11) GOES-12 has a wider spectral
band for the water vapor channel and the 12.0 um
channel has been replaced with a 13.3 um channel.
GOES I-M DataBook
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GOES Imager Channels

• GOES Wavelength Central Number of
  Detector
• Channel (µm) Wavelength
  Detectors Resolution
• (µm) (per scan) (km)
• __________________________________________________
  _______
• 1 0.52-0.72 0.7 8
  1 Visible
• 2 3.78-4.03 3.9 2 4
  Shortwave IR
• 3 6.47-7.02 6.7 1
  8
• 3 G12 5.77-7.33 6.5
  2 4
• 4 10.2-11.2 10.7 2 4
• 5 11.5-12.5 12.0 2 4
• 6 G12 12.9-13.7 13.3
  1 8

Longwave IR
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GOES Sounder Channels
Midwave
Longwave
Shortwave
Midwave
Resolution 10 km
Satellite Meteorology Using the GOES Sounder
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GOES
GOES I-M DataBook
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GOES-EAST ROUTINE IMAGER SCHEDULE SECTORS

• SECTOR
  DURATION
• 
  MINSSECS
• CONUS
  448
• N. HEMIS. EXT
  1413
• S. HEMIS.
  448
• FULL DISK
  2605

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GOES-EAST RAPID SCAN IMAGER SCHEDULE SECTORS

• SECTOR DURATION
• 
  MINSSECS
• CONUS
  443
• N. HEMISPHERE 944
  
  
  
  
  
  S. HEMIS. S. S.
  145
• FULL DISK
  2605

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GOES-EAST SUPER RAPID SCAN IMAGER SCHEDULE
SECTORS

• SECTOR
  DURATION
• 
  MINSSECS
• CONUS
  443
• N. HEMISPHERE
  944
• SRSO (Maryland)
  102
• FULL DISK
  2605

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GOES-EAST SOUNDER SCAN SCHEDULES

• SECTOR
  DURATION
• 
  MINSSECS
• CONUS
  3000
• E. CARIBBEAN
  2200
• GULF OF MEXICO
  2200
• N. ATLANTIC
  2200

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GOES Imager Products
High density winds
Heavy Rainfall
Fog/low cloud
Inflight Icing
Volcanic ash detection
Fire detection
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GOES Sounder Products
Lifted Index
CAPE
Convective Inhibition
Total Precipitable Water
Surface Skin Temperature
Water vapor winds
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POES

• Main Operational POES
• NOAA
• DMSP
• Semi-operational POES
• QuikSCAT
• Terra and Aqua (contain MODIS imager)

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NOAA KLM System

• Sensors of interest
• Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer/3
  (AVHRR/3)
• Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit A (AMSU A)
• Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit B (AMSU B)
• High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder
  (HIRS/3)

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Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP)

• Sensors of interest
• Special Sensor Microwave / Imager (SSM/I)
• Special Sensor Microwave / Temperature (SSM/T)
  Atmospheric Temperature Profiler
• SSM/T2 Atmospheric Water Vapor Profiler

http//dmsp.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp.html
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Cross-track Scanning (AVHRR, AMSU, MODIS)
Polar Satellite Products for the Operational
Forecaster COMET CD Module
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Conical Scanning SSM/I
Polar Satellite Products for the Operational
Forecaster COMET CD
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Orbital Coverage

• Satellite makes one orbit (360) in about 100
  min i.e., it goes about 3.6/min, or about 10
  in 3 minutes.
• With a knowledge of which way the satellite is
  moving and how fast it is moving, one can
  estimate viewing time at a particular point.

Introduction to POES data and products
COMET/VISIT teletraining
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AMSU coverage (2200 km swath)
http//amsu.cira.colostate.edu/
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SSMI coverage (1400 km swath)
swath
Example from NOAAs Marine Observing Systems Team
Web Page http//manati.orbit.nesdis.noaa.gov/doc/s
smiwinds.html

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AVHRR/3 (3000 km swath)
http//www.ngdc.noaa.gov/seg/globsys/avhrr4.shtml
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AVHRR Products
SST

• Sea Surface Temperature (SST)
• Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
• Atmospheric aerosols
• Volcanic Ash detection
• Fire detection

NDVI
Aerosols
Fires
Volcanic Ash
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AMSU-A AMSU-B
Notation xyz x is the center frequency. If y
appears, the center frequency is not sensed, but
two bands, one on either side of the center
frequency, are sensed y is the distance from
the center frequency to the center of the two
pass bands. If z appears, it is the width of the
two pass bands. Polarization R rotates with
scan angle.
Source Kidder and Vonder Haar (1995)
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SSM/I Microwave Imager
Polarization V vertical, H horizontal
Source Kidder and Vonder Haar (1995) POES
Microwave Applications CD - COMET
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Polar Satellite Products for the Operational
Forecaster COMET CD
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AMSU/SSMI Products
TPW

• Total Precipitable Water (TPW)
• Cloud Liquid Water (CLW)
• Rain rate
• Snow and Ice cover

CLW
Ice cover
Rain rate
Snow cover
http//amsu.cira.colostate.edu/
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QuikSCAT

• Orbit Sun-synchronous, 803 km, 98.6 inclination
  orbit
• Seawinds Instrument Microwave Radar (active
  sensor)
• 13.4 GHz
• Retrieval of near surface wind speed and
  direction
• Resolution on ground 25 km
• 1800 km wide swath

NASA/JPL web pages http//winds.jpl.nasa.gov/abou
tScat/index.cfm
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Example from NOAAs Marine Observing Systems Team
Web Page http//manati.orbit.nesdis.noaa.gov/quiks
cat/
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Example from NOAAs Marine Observing Systems Team
Web Page http//manati.orbit.nesdis.noaa.gov/quiks
cat/
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MODISModerate Resolution Imaging
Spectroradiometer

• 36 spectral bands
• 2330 km swath width
• 55 view angle
• Resolution on ground at nadir
• 1 km for all channels
• 250 m for bands 1 and 2 (0.645 and 0.865 um)
• 500 m for bands 3 7 (0.470, 0.555, 1.240,
  1.640, 2.130 um)

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MODIS Aqua coverage (2330 km swath)
Space Science and Engineering Center
(SSEC) http//www.ssec.wisc.edu/datacenter/aqua/
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MODIS Products
Cloud fraction (daytime)
Surface albedo
Clear sky precipitable water (IR)
Normalized difference vegetation index
Cloud optical thickness (water)
Ecosystem classification
Aerosol optical depth
AND MANY MORE http//modis-atmos.gsfc.nasa.gov/i
ndex.html
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Summary of swath widths for select POES
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References

• CDs produced by the COMET program (see
  meted.ucar.edu)
• Polar Satellite Products for the Operational
  Forecaster
• POES Introduction and Background
• POES Microwave Applications
• An Introduction to POES Data and Products
• Satellite Meteorology Remote Sensing Using the
  New GOES Imager
• Satellite Meteorology Using the GOES Sounder
• Space Systems Loral, 1996 GOES I-M DataBook
• Can be found online at http//rsd.gsfc.nasa.gov/
  goes/text/goes.databook.html
• NOAA KLM Users Guide http//www2.ncdc.noaa.gov/d
  ocs/klm/index.htm
• NOAA/NESDIS Office of Satellite Operations
  http//www.oso.noaa.gov/goes/index.htm
• NOAA/NESDIS Office of Satellite Data Processing
  and Distribution http//www.osdpd.noaa.gov/
• Hastings, D. and W. Emery. 1992. The Advanced
  Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) a brief
  reference guide. Photogrammetric Engineering
  Remote Sensing 58(8)1183-1188.