Speech

1
Lecture 19

• Speech Thought Presentation

2
(No Transcript)
3
Speech Thought Presentation

• The most elementary concepts in speech and
  thought presentation direct and indirect speech
• A feature which both direct and indirect speech
  share
• the reporting clause.

4
Direct Indirect Speech (1)
5
Direct Indirect Speech (2)
6
Direct Indirect Speech (3)
7
Direct Indirect Speech (4)
8
Types of Speech Presentation

• In addition to direct and indirect speech (DS
  IS)
• Narrative Report of Action (NRA),
• Narrative Report of Speech Act(s) (NRSA),
• Free Indirect Speech (FIS), and
• Free Direct Speech (FDS).

9
Narrative Report of Action (NRA),

• Used to describe the physical action of
  characters, excluding their speech acts.

10
Narrative Report of Speech Act(s) (NRSA),

• Either refers to
• the speech acts of characters, excluding the
  content of their speech, or,
• the speech acts of characters plus a vague or
  general description of what has been said, using
  a circumstantial adjunct instead of a reported
  clause (as in FIS and DS).

11
Narrators Control

• FIS and FDS the narrator has less control over
  the speech of the characters than in IS and DS.
• Can be seen in relation to the narrators cline
  of interference (see chapter 10 of Leech Short)
• picture

12
The Cline of Interference
13
Free Indirect Speech (FIS)

• FIS -- a half-way house between IS and DS.
• In other words, FIS incorporates features found
  in both columns (A) and (B) for example,
• inverted commas are not used, but one or some
  (but not all) of the features indicated in the
  next slide are found in the reported speech
• If all of these features are found, as I will
  explain in the next slide, then it is likely that
  we are dealing with FDS, not FIS.

14
FIS Features (1)

• a) 1st and 2nd person pronouns,
• b) present tense,
• c) non-conversion of the appropriate time
  adverbials,
• d) the use of the near (instead of the
  remote) demonstratives,

15
FIS Features (2)

• e) exclamations, imperatives, incomplete clauses,
  frequent ellipses etc. which distance the
  speech from the voice of the narrator and move it
  closer to the direct speech of the character.

16
Free Direct Speech (FDS).

• Crucial element in FDS which distinguishes it
  from both DS and FIS is usually the missing
  reporting clause.
• DS minus the reporting clause is FDS.
• But also without the inverted commas to indicate
  that it is the speech of a character
  distinguishing FDS from FIS may then be quite
  tricky, as certain examples of FIS also do not
  have the reporting clause.

17
Thought Presentation

• Thought presentation should not present us with
  any new major difficulty
• NRTA, IT, FIT, DT, and FDT.

18
Projection of propositions and proposals
19
Direct, free indirect and indirect speech
20
Direct, free indirect and indirect thought
21
Extract from Hemingways For Whom the Bell Tolls

• The young man, whose name was Robert Jordan, was
  extremely hungry and he was worried. He was
  often hungry but he was not usually worried
  because he did not give any importance to what
  happened to himself and he knew from experience
  how simple it was to move behind the enemy lines
  in all this country. It was as simple to

FIT?
IT?
22
FIT

• move behind them as it was to cross through
  them, if you had a good guide. It was only
  giving importance to what happened to you if you
  were caught that made it difficult that and
  deciding whom to trust. You had to trust the
  people you worked with completely or not at all,
  and you had to make decisions about the trusting.
  He was not worried about any of that. But there
  were other things.

NRTA
?
23

• (Analysis to be continued in the next lecture)

24
End of Lecture