Geography 38:477 Advanced Geomatics

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Geography 38477Advanced Geomatics

• Topic 1
• Introduction to Geomatics and IGIS

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What is a Geomatics?

• Geomatics is the science and technology of
  gathering, analyzing, interpreting, distributing
  and using geographic information
• Geomatics includes
• surveying
• mapping
• remote sensing (RS)
• geographic information systems (GIS)
• the global positioning system (GPS)

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What is a Geomatics?

• Surveying
• measurement of
• distances
• directions
• elevations
• angles
• for determining absolute or relative location of
  features

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What is a Geomatics?

• Mapping
• creation of a real or virtual map through the
  processes of
• data collection
• design
• and production
• in accordance with cartographic theory and
  practice (i.e. the rules of map making)

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What is a Geomatics?

• Remote Sensing
• the science and art of obtaining information
  about an object or phenomenon
• through the analysis of data collected by
  instruments or sensors
• not in direct contact with the feature in
  question

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What is a Geomatics?

• GIS
• an information system consisting of
• hardware, software, spatial data,
  personnel,organizational and institutional
  arrangements
• used for the
• management, integration, storage, retrieval,
  creation, manipulation, analysis, and display
• of spatial information

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What is a Geomatics?

• GPS
• a satellite-based positioning/navigation system
• consisting of
• a constellation of satellites
• network of ground control stations
• and relatively inexpensive receiver
• used for determining absolute location through
  the principles of triangulation (satellite
  ranging)

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Integrated GIS (IGIS)

• GIS in which some degree of integration between
  various geomatics technologies has occurred
• Advantage is ease with which current (i.e. recent
  or real time), accurate, and reliable data can be
  provided to the GIS
• The duration, methods and degree of integration
  vary considerably

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Conceptual Framework for IGIS

• Jerome Dobson 1993 A conceptual framework for
  integrating remote sensing, GIS, and geography
  PERS 59 (10), 1491-1496
• Focus on integration of RS
• Seamless integration of RS data
• Raster vector integration
• But not just technological integration
• Tradition of landscape analysis as a conceptual
  model for integration and application of IGIS

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Models of Integration

• Jay Gao 2002 Integration of GPS with remote
  sensing and GIS reality and prospect PERS
  68(5), 447453
• Focus on integration of RS, GPS and GIS
• Four different models of integration

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Linear Model

• Interaction is linear and unidirectional
• GPS -gt RS -gt GIS
• GPS coordinates for orthorectification of RS
• RS data classified to extract land cover features
• RS data imported to GIS
• Integration occurs in separate, isolated stages
• GPS used to facilitate integration of RS data
• No connection between GPS and GIS
• GIS dominant role, GPS and RS provide data

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Interactive Model

• Same as linear but linkages flow is both
  directions
• GPS for orthorectification, field mapping, and
  training field selection, accuracy assessment
• RS data imported to GIS, used as ancillary data
  to improve or facilitate classification
• Limited interaction between GPS and GIS
• RS or GIS component may play dominant role

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Hierarchical Model

• Two tiers of integration, unidirectional flow
• First involves GPS and RS components and possible
  a map overlay type operation
• Second level of integration involves development
  of a model based on the established relationship
  that is executed either within the RS or GIS
  component.
• GPS plays more substantial role, GIS may or may
  not be an integral component

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Complex Model

• Linkages occur between all three components in
  both directions
• GPS linked to GIS to update/maintain database
• GIS linked to GPS for navigation, monitoring,
  assessment, and database management
• Real-time data acquisition

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Integration Model

• Several variations of four basic models exist
• Current trend toward fully integrated model
• Geospatial database may become a separate
  component with linkages between it and the three
  primary geomatics technologies