Learning Process and Influences on Learning

1
Learning Process and Influences on Learning

• Chapters 2 and 3
• Instructors and Their Jobs
• W.R. Miller and M.F. Miller

2
Learning Process

• Need understanding of basic theory
• Elements of successful learning
• Intelligence
• Attention
• Interest
• Vary instructional strategies

3
Principles of Learning

• Learning through experience
• Direct and deliberate associations
• Psychomotor learning
• Develop gradually and practice for refinement
• Cognitive learning
• New learning can only result from thinking
• Role of memory
• Associations transfer from short- to long-term

4
Learning Process

• By trial and error
• Inefficient
• By observation
• Limited to behaviors
• By doing
• Participation in psychomotor and cognitive
  learning
• Answer questions silently
• Critique ideas
• Disagree and try to defend ideas
• See specific applications of principles

5
Transfer of Learning

• Transfer knowledge to new setting
• Facilitate by
• Thinking of alternatives
• Questioning
• Applying knowledge

6
Repetition or Practice

• More complex more repetition
• Frequent, short periods
• Review sessions
• Frequent quizzes and drills

7
Feedback and Reinforcement

• Immediate feedback
• Reinforcement provides motivation

8
Students as Individuals

• Mental ability
• Personal interests
• Emotional stability and maturity
• Experience
• Knowledge
• Physical coordination
• Learning speed

9
Diversity

• Ethnic and racial backgrounds
• Gender
• Educationally disadvantaged
• GPA lt 2.0,
• fail minimum competency exam, or
• test scores in lower 25th percentile
• Economically disadvantaged
• Disabilities

10
Key Learning Terms

• Aptitude
• Potential to achieve in area
• Ability
• Actual level of performance
• Achievement
• Attainment of goals based on standards
• Intelligence
• Ability to learn

11
Instructors Influence

• Attitude
• Relationship and behavior
• Identification with learner
• Instructor behavior
• Motivation
• Reward and punishment
• Reprimand