Chapter 16 Learning Packet

1
Chapter 16 Learning Packet

• The English Speaking World Took a New Political
  Course

2
Absolute Monarchs in Europe- p.2

• Decline of feudalism
• Rise of cities and growth of the middle class
• Growth of national kingdoms
• Loss of church authority

• Long Term Causes

3
Absolute Monarchs in Europe

• Religious and territorial conflicts
• Buildup of armies
• Need for increased taxes
• Revolts by peasants and nobles

Immediate Causes
4
Absolute Monarchs in Europe

• Regulation of religion and society
• Larger courts
• Huge building projects
• New government burocracies
• Loss of power by nobility and legislatures

Immediate Effects
5
Absolute Monarchs in Europe

• Revolution in France
• Western European influence on Russia
• English political reforms that influence U.S.
  Democracy
• American Revolution

Long Term Effects
6
Chapter 16 Section 1- page 3
Henry VIIIs daughter, and raised a Catholic
She married a Catholic, Philip II of Spain
Mary Tudor
Tudors and Stuarts Clashed with Parliament
Killed hundreds of Protestants Bloody Mary
7
Mary Queen of Scots and Philip II of Spain
plotted to kill Elizabeth
Mary was captured and beheaded in 1587
Trying to overthrow Elizabeth, Philip II sent his
powerful armada to invade England
Her closest relatives, Mary Queen of Scots, a
Catholic, tried to keep her off the throne.
Elizabeth I
Marys half-sister, wanted to keep England
Protestant
Tudors and Stuarts Clashed with Parliament
8
Poor weather and English defeat them
As a result, England replaces Spain as Europes
major power after 1588
130 ships sent to attack England in 1588
Spanish Armada
Tudors and Stuarts Clashed with Parliament
9
Wanted to eliminate Catholic practices
The Tudor kings persecuted against Puritans and
Catholics
Tudors and Stuarts Clashed with Parliament
Puritans
Elizabeth refused to change the Church of
England, upsetting Puritans
10
Tudors and Stuarts Clashed with Parliament
Charles I continued to raise taxes, the House of
Commons protested so he dissolved Parliament
Elizabeth dies, Mary Queen of Scots son, James I
became king. He sold royal titles and increased
taxes to raise money for England
Roots of the English Revolution
For 11 years, Charles refused to call Parliament
into session so he collected taxes through dues
and fees
Charles signed the Petition of Right which he
promised not to raise taxes without Parliaments
permission
Charles did not persuade Parliament to give him
money. He imprisoned people who failed to lend
him money.
Puritans in Scotland wanted to fight for
religious freedom, so Charles called Parliament
into session in 1640
11
Chapter 16 Section 2- page 4
Catholics in Ireland revolted against Protestant
England in 1641
The Irish Problem
Ireland was Catholic
The King and Commons went to War
England had ruled Ireland since the 1100s,
England became Protestant in the 1500s
12
Oliver Cromwell trained his new model army which
crushed the Cavaliers
Roundheads included anyone who wanted to limit
the kings power
Roundheads win
Kings supporters (Cavaliers) fought against
supporters of Parliament (Roundheads)
Civil War
Monarchy is Abolished
The King and Commons went to War
13
Roundheads controlled Parliament and tried
Charles for treason
Charles is beheaded in 1649 His son flees to
France
Charles I
I Love Spiveys class
The King and Commons went to War
14
He became a military dictator upon Charles I
death
Was a devout Puritan and tried to control every
citizens social life
The King and Commons went to War
Oliver Cromwell
Under Europes first constitution he became Lord
Protector in 1653
Competed with Dutch trade which led to a
commercial war
15
The King and Commons went to War
Title given to Cromwells government from
1658-1658
The Protectorate
Suppressed Irish and Cavalier opponents
Sufficient taxes used to support his army
Army remains well disciplined and very powerful
16
Parliament through Cromwell had more powerful
than any king had ever had
The King and Commons went to War
End of the Revolution
He dissolved Parliament in 1658 and ruled alone.
He died soon after
His son becomes lord protector but Parliament
invites Charles II to rule in 1660
17
Todays Assignment- pages 5-8 of your packet.
STOP
18
Chapter 16 Section 3- page 9
Charles II continued fighting the Dutch- and
acquired New Amsterdam (renamed New York)
In 1660, Charles II restored the monarchy and
replaced Cromwells government
England and France become colonial rivals
The Restoration
19
The Restoration
Charles brother, a Catholic, would become the
next king, but this is debated.
Political parties develop
Tories wanted a strong hereditary monarch and
believed that religion didnt matter.
Whigs wanted a weak monarch and they opposed a
Catholic Monarch.
20
James Protestant daughter, Mary and her Dutch
husband, William took the throne
In 1688, Whigs and Tories allied against the
Catholic king James
James II, a Catholic, became king in 1685
The Glorious Revolution
Habeas Corpus Act (1679) limited the kings power
21
English citizens were given more rights
The Glorious Revolution
English Bill of Rights (1689) was agreed upon
William Mary before Parliament approved them
The Bill of Rights forbade rulers from suspending
laws, impose a tax, or maintain an army.
22
New ideas about government- p. 10
All people deserve Natural Rights Life,
liberty, and Property. Believed that People
could Overthrow any Leader who Violated
these rights
All people are Naturally evil. A Social
Contract Was needed to Create a stable
Society. Supported absolute monarchs
Belief In a Social Contract
23
Effects of Locke and Hobbes

• 1679- Habeas Corpus-
• Prevented illegal imprisonment and arrest.

• Whigs control the House of Commons-
• Brought William and Mary to the throne in 1688.

24
Locke Hobbes Effects continued

• 1688- English Bill of Rights-
• Granted Parliament freedom of Speech and the
  Right to Petition.

• Role of Prime Minister changes-
• English Bill of Rights makes him the real head of
  Britains government.

• 1689- Act of Toleration-
• Gave religious toleration to Catholics living in
  England.

25
Locke Hobbes

• 1701-Act of Settlement-
• Prevented a Catholic from ever ruling England.

• Limited Constitutional Monarchy-
• Englands monarch had limited power, but their
  power is controlled by Parliament.

• 1707-Act of Union
• United England and Scotland into one nation
  called Great Britain.

26
Todays Assignment- Pages 11-14 of your packet.
STOP
27
Chapter 16 Section 4- page 15

• Objective
• Learn the characteristics of English colonies in
  North America.
• During the 1600s, the English mariners began
  explorations that allowed England to claim lands
  in the Americas and Asia.

28
English Sea Power

• The English established trading companies in
  these new lands. During the 1600s and 1700s, the
  British navy ruled the high seas. British
  merchants overtook Dutch trade.

29
Explorers and the Sea Dogs

• King Henry VII commissioned John Cabot to sail to
  North America in 1497-1498
• Cabot explored the coasts of Newfoundland, Nova
  Scotia, and New England and he claimed these
  areas for England, almost a century passed before
  they were developed.

30
More Sea Dogs

• During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, sea dogs
  were captains for the English that were traders
  and pirates, and they challenged the Portuguese
  and Spanish traders.

31
Explorers and Sea Dogs

• Sir Francis Drake was a sea dog that in 1580
  sailed westward from North America across the
  Pacific Ocean, around the southern tip of Africa,
  and north to England.
• Most English sea dogs plundered foreign shipping,
  stealing from Spanish convoys.

32
Sea Dogs

• Elizabeth secretly supported the sea dogs and
  shared what they had stolen, they helped defeat
  the Spanish Armada in 1588, and strengthened
  England as a seafaring nation.

33
The English in India

• Elizabeth charted the English East India Company
  in 1600, it set up trading posts in Bombay,
  Calcutta, and Madras in India. It bribed Mogul
  rulers to improve trade.

34
More English in India

• The company later set up trading posts in
  Malaysia and the East Indies, but India remained
  its headquarters and source of trade and wealth.
  It used warships to protect its merchants.

35
English in the Americas

• Because of its great interest in Asia, England
  slowly established colonies in North America.
• The English originally explored the New World to
  find a Northwest Passage to India- a water route
  around the Americas to the North and West.

36
English in the Americas

• The Spanish dominated the southern route around
  Cape Horn in South America.
• Henry Hudson search unsuccessfully for the
  Northwest Passage, but in his 1609 voyage for the
  Dutch he charted the eastern coast of North
  America and explored the Hudson River.

37
English in the Americas

• On a later voyage for the English, Hudson
  explored Hudson Bay in Northern Canada.
• England began to establish colonies along North
  Americas east coast. Private companies
  established the first. Englands first permanent
  settlement was Jamestown, Virginia in 1607, and
  in 1620 they founded Plymouth, Massachusetts

38
English in the Americas

• English colonies were designed for trade, and
  investors hoped that settlers would produce
  products that would make the home country more
  self-sufficient (Mercantilism)

39
English in the Americas

• Many English immigrants came to these colonies
  for political and religious freedom.
• Slave labor was used by the English colonies,
  helping the colonies in southern North America
  and Barbados in the West Indies become more
  profitable.

40
English in the Americas

• Most English colonies had a representative
  assembly, but remained under the control of the
  home country.

41
Mercantilism and the British Colonies

• The British government controlled colonial
  economies by following mercantilist principles.
• Colonies provided England with raw materials,
  which were manufactured back in England.

42
Mercantilism

• The Navigation Act of 1651, stated that colonial
  products could only be sold in England, even if
  colonists were offered a higher price from
  another country.
• Trade regulations aroused resentment and many
  colonists evaded them. Smuggling became common
  in the mid-1700s because England loosely enforced
  trade restrictions.

43
Chapter 16 Section 5- page 16

• We will trace the events that led to the American
  Revolution
• During the 1700s, English colonists opposed
  British trade restrictions and disliked the
  French whose borders were disputed. After the
  defeat of the French, North American colonists
  quarreled with the British, and finally asked for
  independence.

44
British-French Rivalry

• In the 1700s, New France bordered the English
  colonies to the north and west.
• American settlers moved westward across the
  Appalachian Mountains into French lands.

45
British-French Rivalry

• This led to conflict, and the colonies counted on
  British assistance for defense. This conflict
  from 1754-1763 was known as the French and Indian
  War in North America.

46
British v. French

• The French and Indian War was called the Seven
  Years War in Europe and ended in 1763 with the
  signing of the Treaty of Paris- giving England
  the region from the Atlantic Ocean to the
  Mississippi River and from the Gulf of Mexico to
  the Arctic Ocean.

47
Increased Control over the Colonies

• Worldwide conflicts between 1754-1763 left the
  British with a large debt, in defending American
  colonists, they felt justified in asking them to
  pay for the cost of the war.

48
Increased Control

• In 1763, following a Indian uprising, colonist
  were forbade from settling beyond the Appalachian
  Mountains. They also controlled the economy by
  enforcing trade regulations.

49
Increased Control

• The Sugar Act of 1764 imposed new taxes on sugar
  and other imported items. In 1765, Parliament
  passed the Stamp Act that required colonists to
  pay for stamps on wills, mortgages, contracts,
  newspapers, pamphlets, calendars, playing cards,
  and almanacs.

50
Increased Control

• Because of the Stamp Act, people stopped buying
  British goods, and the act was repealed.
• Britain continued to create new laws, and
  colonists stated that they had taxation without
  representation Between 1763-1775, relations
  between Britain and the colonies declined.

51
Intensified Conflict

• King George III ruled Britain from 1760-1820, and
  he tried to decrease the power of Parliament.
• George made his friends ministers including Lord
  North, whose goal was to enforce laws in the
  colonies. He supported the Loyalists- who
  opposed independence and supported the king.

52
Intensified Conflict

• One-third of the colonists supported independence
  and they were called patriots. Lord North would
  upset the colonists when the government made the
  English East India Company a monopoly on tea
  sales. This resulted in the Boston Tea Party-
  when upset colonists threw tea into Boston Harbor.

53
Intensified Conflict

• The Intolerable Acts punished the colonists for
  uprisings, and Britain had the port of Boston
  closed.
• As a result of the Intolerable Acts, in Fall 1774
  the First Continental Congress met in
  Philadelphia.
• Which painting shows the Loyalist viewpoint? and
  which painting shows the Patriot viewpoint?

54
Intensified Conflict

• Delegates demanded full rights of British people,
  agreed to support each other, an agreed to meet
  in Great Britain did not repeal the Intolerable
  Acts in one year.

55
Intensified Conflict

• In April 1775, British troops marched from Boston
  to the towns of Lexington and concord to seize
  guns and gunpowder, the British troops were met
  by armed resistance and retreated to Boston, this
  event started the American Revolution.

56
Intensified Conflict

• The Second Continental Congress met with the
  spirit of Independence, and the delegates voted
  to declare freedom from Great Britain, and on
  July 4, 1776 they adopted the Declaration of
  Independence and established the United States of
  America. Its author, Thomas Jefferson, used many
  ideas of John Locke and believed that all men are
  created equal and had certain unalienable
  rights.

57
Causes of the American Revolution- page 17
French Indian War increased Englands debt
American Revolution
To pay off its debt, England establishes new taxes
Ideas of John Locke expressed in the Declaration
of Independence
58
Effects of the American Revolution- page 17
Treaty of Paris ends the Revolutionary War
American Revolution
US Constitution bases government upon the consent
of the governed
These ideas spread to France and helped trigger
the French Revolution
59
American Revolution created a New Nation- page 18

• Objectives
• Describe the federal system of government
  established in the U.S.
• Explain the effects of U.S. Independence
• With the signing of the Declaration of
  Independence, a demand for equality created a new
  aim for politics. Although equal did not
  include women or slaves, this event would change
  the course of future human history.

60
Declaration of Independence

• The Declaration of Independence stated that all
  of powers of the government belong to the people,
  and gave people the right to abolish it if it
  attempts to destroy ones rights.

61
War for Independence

• Americans were fighting to defend their homes in
  a territory they knew well, and the British were
  fighting over 3,000 miles from home, bringing all
  military supplies.

62
War for Independence

• Most people in Great Britain did not support the
  Revolutionary War most sympathized with the
  Americans and opposed King George IIIs hiring of
  foreign mercenaries.

63
War for Independence

• Great Britain had well-trained and organized
  troops and its navy was the most powerful.
• Colonial government was disorganized and had to
  borrow money to pay for the war.

64
War for Independence

• At first the American army had an army of poorly
  trained and undisciplined soldiers.
• General George Washington commanded the
  Continental Army and brought discipline to the
  American troops. The continental army received
  help of foreign officers.

65
War for Independence

• Most fighting took place between 1776-1781,
  without any decisive victories.
• In October 1777, Americans defeated the British
  at Saratoga, Lord North offered peace, but the
  offer did not arrive in the colonies until after
  the Americans allied with France.

66
War of Independence

• The war continued with help from the Netherlands
  and Spain, and in 1781 the Americans and their
  French allies won a decisive battle at Yorktown,
  Virginia.

67
War for Independence

• The British opposed the costly Revolutionary War,
  and in 1783 Benjamin Franklin, the chief American
  negotiator and the British signed the Treaty of
  Paris- granting American independence and
  granting all land east of the Mississippi River
  to the Americans.

68
Articles of Confederation

• In 1781, the American states ratified the
  Articles of Confederation- a plan of government
  that provided a central government, one-house
  Congress where each state had one vote.

69
Articles of Confederation

• Congress could declare war, make peace, conduct
  with foreigners, and settle state disputes.
• The government under the Articles lasted from
  1781-89 because of its weaknesses it was not
  effective. The government could not tax, coin
  money, or regulate state trade.
• It did not allow a chief executive officer and
  only state courts could settle disputes.

70
The Constitution

• In 1787, delegates from the states met in
  Philadelphia to draw up a constitution to provide
  a framework for a new government. George
  Washington was chief officer.

71
The Constitution

• The issue to create a central government strong
  enough to act on matters concerning all of the
  states, and to leave the states some freedom to
  act for themselves.

72
The Constitution

• The Constitution adopted the federal system of
  government, which divided governmental powers
  between the central (federal) government and the
  individual states.

73
The Constitution

• The federal government had the power to declare
  war, make treaties, coin money, raise armies, and
  regulate trade with foreign countries. All other
  powers were shared with the states and
  individuals.

74
The Constitution

• The Constitution also created three branches of
  the federal government. The executive branch
  (the president) enforced the laws, the
  legislative branch (MAKES laws), the judicial
  branch (federal courts) interpreted and applied
  the laws. Checks and balances would allow each
  branch of government to oversee the other
  branches.

75
The Constitution

• In 1791, the first ten amendments of the
  Constitution were added, and are known as the the
  Bill of Rights. They guarantee the basic rights
  of every United States citizen. These rights
  included freedom of religion, speech, press,
  assembly, and petition.

76
The Constitution

• Rights were defined regarding search, seizure,
  and public trial by jury.

77
Effects of American Independence

• The American Revolution put John Lockes ideas
  into practice, before the ideas only existed on
  paper.

78
Effects of American Independence

• The Declaration of Independence contains two
  founding principles of democracy that people
  have certain unalienable rights and that all the
  powers of the government belong to the people and
  are exercised only with their consent.

79
Effects of American Independence

• The American experience encouraged people
  everywhere who opposed domination by an absolute
  monarchy and privileged classes.

80
Effects of American Independence

• The democracy of 1789 had undergone several
  changes. They only allowed adult, free males,
  who usually owned property to vote. The large
  population of women and slaves had no political
  rights at all.

81
Effects of American Independence

• The new kind of government created a new
  relationship among citizens. The sense of
  economic and political needs created a country
  that inspired loyalty.

82
Todays Assignment- pages 21-26 of your packet.
STOP

• Chapter test Friday.
• Study session tomorrow _at_ 740 AM or 240 PM