Bibliographic Techniques

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Bibliographic Techniques

• 2009
• Sue Bird
• Reader Services Librarian (Geography)

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Bibliographic Techniques

• Plagiarism v. Referencing
• SOLO, OLIS OXLIP
• Reference works
• Databases
• Searching techniques

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Plagiarism

• All academic work will inevitably at some point
  involve the use and discussion of critical
  material written by others with due
  acknowledgement and with references given. This
  is standard critical practice and can be clearly
  distinguished from appropriating without
  acknowledgement and presenting as your own
  material produced by others, which is what
  constitutes plagiarism.
• (Modern History and English  - Preliminary
  Exams  Handbook 2003/4)
• http//www.geog.ox.ac.uk/undergraduate/info/fhs/pl
  agiarism.html
• http//www.admin.ox.ac.uk/epsc/plagiarism/index.sh
  tml

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Avoiding Plagiarism

• "...You must always indicate to the examiners
  when you have drawn on the work of others other
  people's original ideas and methods should be
  clearly distinguished from your own, and other
  people's words, illustrations, diagrams etc.
  should be clearly indicated regardless of whether
  they are copied exactly, paraphrased, or
  adapted... ...The University reserves the right
  to use software applications to screen any
  individual's submitted work for matches either to
  published sources or to other submitted work. Any
  such matches respectively might indicate either
  plagiarism or collusion... ...Although the use
  of electronic resources by students in their
  academic work is encouraged, you should remember
  that the regulations on plagiarism apply to
  on-line material and other digital material just
  as much as to printed material..."
• Section 9.5 Proctors' and Assessor's
  Memorandum

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Good academic practice

• So by following the citation principles and
  practices in place in your subject area, you will
  develop a rigorous approach to academic
  referencing, and avoid inadvertent plagiarism.

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Referencing and Citation

• 2 main ways of organizing your references
• a) Parenthetical or author/date often called
  the Harvard system
• b) Footnotes on a page or endnotes for a chapter
• N.B. This is not to be confused with the
  computer package of the same name.

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References / Bibliography

• Be uniform in your referencing system-
• Probably use the Harvard system as suggested
  on the Schools web-site but whatever you do
  use just be consistent.
• http//www.geog.ox.ac.uk/undergraduate/info/fhs/di
  ssertation/referencing.html

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Citation practice

• Also large number of manuals available to give
  guidance and sound practice.
• 1Doing a literature review / Chris Hart
  
  (London, 1998) H 62 HAR
• 2Manual for writers / Kate Turabin
  (7th ed. Chicago, 2007) LB 2369 TUR
• 3Communicating in geography the environmental
  sciences / Ian Hay
• (3rd ed. Oxford, 2006) G 70 HAY
• 4Cite them right /Pears Shields (2008 ed.)
• LB 2369 PEA

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References / Bibliography

• Organize your research and manage your database
  of references
• Include citations while you write your paper
• Build a bibliography in a variety of formats
• Import references from many different data
  sources
• Create bibliographies in different document
  formats (Word, RTF, HTML, etc.)

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References / Bibliography

• EndNote system-
• Web version available within the Oxford domain
• http//www.ouls.ox.ac.uk/eresources
• Also a software package that you purchase from
  O.U.C.S. but you then have it permanently
• Courses laid on (http//www.oucs.ox.ac.uk)

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References / Bibliography

• RefWorks http//www.ouls.ox.ac.uk/eresources/refwo
  rks
• Refworks is a free (whilst you are at Oxford)
  web-based bibliographic software package. You pay
  an annual fee after you leave.
• Being web-based means no software to download and
  update, and you can access your personal account
  from any computer connected to the web.
• Courses laid on by the Computing Services
  (http//www.oucs.ox.ac.uk)

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Bibliographic Techniques

• SOLO Search Oxford Libraries Online
• Search and discovery tool for the Oxford
  Libraries' vast collections of resources.
• Mainly OLIS (Oxford's union catalogue of printed
  and electronic books and journals)
• Title link over 1,000 databases on OxLIP

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E-Journals

• I didn't check for the hard copy
• - so used to getting online access!

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Newspapers

• Electronic newspapers
• Some are freely available. Alphabetic list on
  OxLIP
• Best source for the Text Only of huge range of
  newspapers and magazines is Lexis-Nexis News
  Service. Goes back approximately 10 yrs in most
  cases and is very current i.e. todays daily news
  items

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Newspapers

• Legal information, cases etc.
• Lexis Nexis Butterworths
• WestLaw both UK US editions
• (if necessary ask the Law Library for help)

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Bibliographic Techniques

• Use SOLO or OxLIP to access
• Reference tools
• Abstracting and Indexing services

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Electronic resources

• OxLIP Oxford Libraries Information Platform
• Access to Electronic Resources available in
  Oxford (i.e. those the University has subscribed
  to which isnt everything)
• N.B. Web version will only give approx 25
  access outside of the Oxford Domain unless
• Oxford Single Sign-on (i.e. Web-Mail) account

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Reference Sources

• General reference tools.
• CREDO Reference (formerly Xreferplus) Reference
  works incl. Dictionaries, encyclopedias etc
• International Encyclopedia of Human Geography
  (This is a database not a book!)
• Dictionaries. OED Oxford Reference On-line

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Bibliographic Techniques

• Abstracting and Indexing Services
• (for finding the actual journal articles)
• Vast range.
• SCOPUS (includes GEOBASE)
• OVID SP
• Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
• Web of Knowledge

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SCOPUS Research Service from Elsevier Includes
GeoBase Searches abstracts Includes chapters
in edited books conference proceedings Full
text links to
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Databases vs. Search engines

• Searches done by automated web crawlers
• No thesaurus / subject headings just free text
  searching
• No limiting functions
• Usually none of these!

• Contents are indexed by subject specialists
• Subject headings
• Limiting functions e.g. publication types,
  language
• Allow you to
• View Search history
• Combine searches
• Mark and sort results
• Print/save/email/export
• Save searches
• Set up alerts

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Bibliographic Techniques

• Web of Science/Knowledge
• Includes Science, Social Science Arts and
  Humanities Citation Indexes
• Citation indexes can be used in the same way as
  any other abstracting and indexing service. Their
  extra facility is the option to search the
  bibliographies of any articles- a citation
  search. Academics use the citation index to find
  out who has cited their work.

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Bibliographic Databases
                          
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Bibliographic Databases

• OVIDSP
• Biosis Previews biogeography
• CAB Abstracts biogeography
• Forest Science - biogeography
• GeoRef physical geography geology
• EconLit economic geography
• Zoological Abstracts - biogeography

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Bibliographic Techniques

• Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
• Various useful databases (not just science)
• Full text journal link to SfX (but not all
  journals are available electronically)
• Recommend you use Advanced searching
• Similar search mechanisms to other databases
  using keywords etc.
• can print, emails results etc

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Bibliographic Techniques

• EBSCO Host
• International Bibliography of the Social Sciences
• Historical Abstracts
• Full text journal link to SfX (but not all
  journals are available electronically)

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Bibliographic Databases

• Search - Ecotouris 2006-2009
• Results so far-
• SOLO 179 books journals inc e-access
• OLIS tw50 books sw175 books
• Scopus 719 articles
• Ovid 790 after de-duplication of 1028 articles
  book chapters
• C.S.A 786 articles
• EbscoHost 55 articles
• W.o.K. 343 articles
• Google Scholar 1270 or 1940 books, reviews,
  articles, etc.

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Bibliographic Databases

• Search - Ecotouris 2009 only
• Scopus 123 articles
• W.o.K. 89 articles
• Ovid 86 after de-duplication of 108 articles
  book chapters
• C.S.A 75 articles (70 after de-duplication)
• EbscoHost 2 articles
• RefWorks de-duplication 271

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Bibliographic Databases

• Search Tip 1
• Important to remember that although each database
  covers thousands of journal titles no single
  database is ever comprehensive.
• If you are having difficulty finding material on
  a topic use the keywords you find in any relevant
  reference and search again.

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Bibliographic Databases

• Search Tip 2
• Use Boolean Logical Operators AND, OR, NOT also
  proximity operators Adj (literally adjacent)
  Near(same sentence) With(same field)
• Field descriptors AU(author) TI(title) AB
  (abstract) SO(source or reference) DE (general
  descriptor) etc are likely to be specific to each
  database and wont operate in cross searches
• Combining searches 1 and 2

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Bibliographic Techniques

• Search Tip 3
• Take time to explore the various databases
  platforms available.
• Some will be more useful to you than others.
• Scopus
• OvidSP
• Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
• Web of Knowledge
• but there are others
• e.g. International Bibliography of the Social
  Sciences via EbscoHost
• http//www.ouls.ox.ac.uk/services/information_skil
  ls/wiser

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Bibliographic Techniques

• Search Tip 4
• Consider subject synonyms British and US
  spellings.
• Apply truncation, usually to find
  plurals/alternative word endings and ? to replace
  a single character.
• Expand search by following hypertext links esp
  subject headings
• Use tagging facilities within database to mark
  articles for printing, emailing, downloading or
  exporting.
• Authors names Check the online help for formats.
  Use the database index to find different forms
  of authors name, otherwise truncate first
  initial.

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Bibliographic Techniques

• Three ways to keep up to date
• E-mail alert you can specify a search to be
  repeated and the results emailed to you at chosen
  intervals or Zetoc will tell you when the next
  issue of a journal is available.
• Saving and rerunning searches you save a
  search and run it again in the future.
• Citation Alert you will receive an email every
  time a particular article is cited in another WoK
  or Scopus indexed article.

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Bibliographic Techniques

• Apart from Bibliographic Electronic Resources
  there are some factual databases available via
  OxLIP e.g.-
• World development indicators,
• EIU Country Reports,
• Demographic Yearbook etc.
• If they are CD-ROM based they may require you to
  download software

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Further assistance

• This presentation available on-line
• http//www.ouls.ox.ac.uk/science/training/bioscien
  ces
• More courses available
• http//www.oucs.ox.ac.uk/itlp/
• Other presentations
• http//sers018.sers.ox.ac.uk/services/training/wis
  er
• Sue.bird_at_ouls.ox.ac.uk

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Bibliographic Techniques

• Please ask a Librarian if you get stuck trying to
  use any of the resources or would like advice on
  the most suitable databases for your enquiries.
• GOOD LUCK WITH YOUR STUDIES!

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