Einstein realized that the characteristics of gravity coul

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Space Warps
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Space Warps
Light is believed to travel the shortest distance
between two points But the path of light is
curved in the presence of a gravitational
field Einstein realized that the characteristics
of gravity could be explained without any gravity
at all, but by having mass warp space, so that
light (as well as massive particles) travel the
curvature of space as they move.
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Space Warps
Light is believed to travel the shortest distance
between two points
Photon injected into the box
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Space Warps
Light is believed to travel the shortest distance
between two points
Photon injected into the box
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Space Warps
Light is believed to travel the shortest distance
between two points
Photon injected into the box
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Space Warps
Light is believed to travel the shortest distance
between two points
Photon injected into the box
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Space Warps
Light is believed to travel the shortest distance
between two points
?
Photon injected into the box
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Space Warps
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Space Warps
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Space Warps
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Space Warps
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Space Warps
The shortest distance between two points on the
curved surface of the earth is not the shortest
distance between the same two points when the
earth is projected into a flat surface.
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Space Warps
The shortest distance between two points on the
curved surface of the earth is not the shortest
distance between the same two points when the
earth is projected into a flat surface.
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Space Warps
According to General Relativity, mass has the
effect of curving space, and the paths followed
by projectiles (including photons) is the path
determined by the curvatures of space created by
massive objects
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Space Warps Orbits with Gravity
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Space Warps Orbit with Space Warps
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Space Warps
Orbits with space warps are the same as the
orbits in flat space with gravity
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Space Warps
According to General Relativity, mass has the
effect of curving space, and the paths followed
by projectiles (including photons) is the path
determined by the curvatures of space created by
massive objects
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Space Warps
According to General Relativity, mass has the
effect of curving space, and the paths followed
by projectiles (including photons) is the path
determined by the curvatures of space created by
massive objects
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Space Warps
In General Relativity, no mechanism can strong
the gravitational collapse of a black
hole. Eventually, the black hole will occupy an
infinitely small volume of space. Singularity
the zero volume state of a black hole. A
singularity makes an infinitely deep depression
in the fabric of space
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Space Warps
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Space Warps Modeling a Black Hole
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Space Warps
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Space Warps
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Space Warps
This Hubble Space Telescope image shows several
blue, loop-shaped objects that actually are
multiple images of the same galaxy. They have
been duplicated by the gravitational lens of the
cluster of yellow, elliptical and spiral galaxies
- called 00241654 - near the photograph's
center. The gravitational lens is produced by the
cluster's tremendous gravitational field that
bends light to magnify, brighten and distort the
image of a more distant object. How distorted the
image becomes and how many copies are made
depends on the alignment between the foreground
cluster and the more distant galaxy, which is
behind the cluster.
  In this photograph, light from the distant
galaxy bends as it passes through the cluster,
dividing the galaxy into five separate images.
One image is near the center of the photograph
the others are at 6, 7, 8, and 2 o'clock. The
light also has distorted the galaxy's image from
a normal spiral shape into a more arc-shaped
object. Astronomers are certain the blue-shaped
objects are copies of the same galaxy because the
shapes are similar. The cluster is 5 billion
light-years away in the constellation Pisces, and
the blue-shaped galaxy is about 2 times farther
away.
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Space Warps
Scanning the heavens for the first time since the
successful December 1999 servicing mission,
NASA's Hubble Space Telescope has imaged a giant,
cosmic magnifying glass, a massive cluster of
galaxies called Abell 2218. This "hefty" cluster
resides in the constellation Draco, some 2
billion light-years from Earth. The cluster is
so massive that its enormous gravitational field
deflects light rays passing through it, much as
an optical lens bends light to form an image.
This phenomenon, called gravitational lensing,
magnifies, brightens, and distorts images from
faraway objects. The cluster's magnifying powers
provides a powerful "zoom lens" for viewing
distant galaxies that could not normally be
observed with the largest telescopes.   This
useful phenomenon has produced the arc-shaped
patterns found throughout the Hubble picture.
These "arcs" are the distorted images of very
distant galaxies, which lie 5 to 10 times farther
than the lensing cluster. This distant population
existed when the universe was just a quarter of
its present age. Through gravitational lensing
these remote objects are magnified, enabling
scientists to study them in more detail. This
analysis provides a direct glimpse of how
star-forming regions are distributed in remote
galaxies and yields other clues to the early
evolution of galaxies.   The picture is
dominated by spiral and elliptical galaxies.
Resembling a string of tree lights, the biggest
and brightest galaxies are members of the
foreground cluster. Researchers are intrigued by
a tiny red dot just left of top center. This dot
may be an extremely remote object made visible by
the cluster's magnifying powers. Further
investigation is needed to confirm the object's
identity.