Introduction to SPSS

1
Introduction to SPSS

• Allen Risley
• Academic Technology Services, CSUSM
• arisley_at_csusm.edu
• 750-4169

2
SPSS Workshop Agenda

• Layout of the Program
• Adding Data to SPSS
• Preparing Data for Analysis
• Creating New Variables
• Descriptive Data Analysis
• Working with SPSS Output

3
Layout of the SPSS Program

• SPSS Program Windows
• Menus and Toolbars
• SPSS Options

4
SPSS Program Windows

• SPSS Program Windows
• Data Editor
• Data View
• Variable View
• Output Viewer
• Syntax Editor
• File Types
• Data filename.sav
• Output filename.spo
• Commands filename.sps
• Menus and Toolbars

5
SPSS Options

• Users can set options to make program easier to
  use
• Edit menu
• Choose Options
• On General Tab
• Display Names File
• h Record Syntax Temp. Dir.
• H\
• On Viewer Tab
• h Display Commands in the Log

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More SPSS Options

• Output Labels Tab
• For Pivot Table Labeling
• Variables in labels shown as Names and Labels
• Variable values in labels shown as Values and
  Labels
• Pivot tables Tab
• For Tablelook
• Choose Academic (narrow).tlo

7
Adding Data to SPSS

• Use Syntax to Read an Existing Data File
• In-line Data in a Syntax File
• The SPSS Text Import Wizard
• Data Entry in the SPSS Data Editor
• Import from Excel

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Loading Data Using Text Wizard

• The SPSS Text Import Wizard
• File Menu
• Read Text Data
• In Open Data box, enter C\SPSS\grades.txt
• Step 1 choose No, Next
• Step 2 choose Fixed Width, No, Next
• Step 3 use defaults Next
• Step 4 use defaults Next

9
Loading Data Using Text Wizard

• The SPSS Text Import Wizard
• Step 5 Use these names and formats
• V1 ID, Numeric
• V2 Gender, String
• V3 Test1, Numeric
• V4 Test2, Numeric
• V5 Test3, Numeric
• Click on Next

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Loading Data Using Text Wizard

• The SPSS Text Import Wizard
• Step 6 choose No, Yes
• The Yes will open a syntax window with the text
  of a GET DATA command
• Click on Finish
• In the Syntax window choose the Run Menu
• Choose All
• This creates an SPSS data file with the contents
  of grades.txt

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Loading Data Using Syntax

• You can re-use a syntax file by opening it and
  running it
• File menu
• Open
• Syntax
• You can open a blank syntax window to type in
  your own commands
• File menu
• New
• Syntax

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Other Ways to Load Data

• Data Entry in the SPSS Data Editor
• Import from Excel
• File Menu
• Open
• Data
• In Open Data box, enter C\SPSS\grades.xls
• Click OK for defaults

13
Preparing Data for Analysis

• Variable Formats
• Variable Labels
• Value Labels
• Missing Values
• Copying Data Properties

14
Formatting Your Variables

• Variable Formats
• Click on the Variable View tab of the Data Editor
  to edit or display formats
• Name Type Width
• Decimals Label Values
• Missing Columns Align
• Measure
• Variable Labels
• Type in descriptive text that explains what the
  variable measures

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Formatting Your Variables (cont.)

• Value Labels Text that explains what numeric
  values stand for
• Click in the cell of the Value column for your
  variable, enter a Value and Label, click Add
• Missing Values Defines values that should not
  be included in calculations
• Click in the cell of the Missing column for the
  variable, choose either Discrete or Range and
  enter the values

16
Creating New Variables

• Collapsing Variables Using Recode
• Computing Variables
• Counting Values in Other Variables
• Ranking Cases
• Date and Time Variables

17
Recoding Variables

• Recoding renumbers or collapses the values of a
  variable
• Transform menu
• Recode into different variables
• Highlight variable(s) and move over with arrow
• Fill in a Name and Label for the new variable
• Click Old and New Values

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Recoding Variables

• Specify the Old Value
• e.g., 90 through 100, 80 through 89, etc.
• Specify a New Value
• e.g., 4 (for an A), 3(for a B), etc.
• Click on the Add button
• Repeat until all old and new values are specified
• Old values can be defined as single values,
  ranges or missing values
• Add value and variable labels, etc.

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Computing New Variables

• Create new variables using equations or functions
• Transform menu
• Compute Variable
• Enter a Target Variable Name e.g. TestAvg
• Build a Numeric Expression
• E.g. (Test1 Test2 Test3)/3
• Click OK

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Other Ways to Create Variables

• Counting Values in Other Variables
• Ranking Cases
• Date and Time Variables

21
Descriptive Data Analysis

• FREQUENCIES
• DESCRIPTIVES
• CROSSTABS
• MEANS

22
The FREQUENCIES Procedure

• FREQUENCIES creates tables with counts of cases
  for each value of the variable
• Analyze Menu
• Descriptive Statistics
• Frequencies
• Highlight variables to create tables, click the
  arrow to add to variable list, then click OK
• Statistics, Chart and Format options are available

23
FREQUENCIES Output

• Command syntax
• Summary statistics
• Variable values and corresponding labels
• Frequency counts for each value
• Percentages
• Raw percent
• Valid percents
• Cumulative percents

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The DESCRIPTIVES Procedure

• DESCRIPTIVES creates tables with summaries of
  values for variables
• Analyze Menu
• Descriptive Statistics
• Descriptives
• Highlight variables to create tables, click the
  arrow to add to variable list, then click OK
• Options are available to choose different
  statistics

25
DESCRIPTIVES Output

• Command syntax
• Variable name and label
• Number of cases
• Statistics
• Minimum
• Maximum
• Mean
• Standard Deviation

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The CROSSTABS Procedure

• CROSSTABS displays the intersection of values of
  two or more variables
• Analyze Menu
• Descriptive Statistics
• Crosstabs
• Highlight variables to create tables, click the
  arrow to add to Row, Column or Layer variable
  lists, then click OK
• Statistics, Cells and Format options are available

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Crosstabs Output

• Table title
• Column variables
• Row variables
• Cell counts ( of cases)
• Column percents ( of cases in column)
• Statistics

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The MEANS Procedure

• MEANS calculates overall means and group means
  (defined by independent variables)
• Analyze Menu
• Descriptive Statistics
• Means
• Highlight variables to create tables, click the
  arrow to add to Dependent or Independent variable
  lists, then click OK
• Optional Statistics are available

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MEANS Output

• Command syntax
• Numbers of cases included and excluded
• Dependent variable
• Independent (group) variable
• Means
• Number of cases
• Standard Deviations

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Working with SPSS Output

• Editing/Manipulating Tables
• Exporting Output to a File
• Copying and Pasting Output

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Editing SPSS Tables

• SPSS Table objects can be opened for editing
  before you use them elsewhere
• Right-click on the table
• SPSS Pivot Table Object
• Either Edit or Open
• Text can be formatted, rows or columns removed,
  footnotes added, etc.

32
Exporting SPSS Output to a File

• SPSS output can be exported to other programs
• Either entire output file, or selected tables
• Export to Word, HTML, Excel, Text, PDF, or
  PowerPoint

33
Copying and Pasting SPSS Output

• To copy and paste SPSS tables from SPSS to Word
• Right-click on the table
• Choose Copy
• Switch to Word
• Click location in the document
• Choose Paste Special
• Choose Picture

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On-line SPSS Resources at CSUSM

• Academic Technology Services is developing
  on-line resources for help with SPSS. Visit our
  SPSS page at
• http//courses.csusm.edu/resources/spss/
• E-mail Allen Risley at arisley_at_csusm.edu