Language and Gender

1
Language and Gender

• Ling 102
• March 23rd

2
Language and Gender

• Principle I. In stable sociolinguistic variables,
  women use the standard more than men
• (ing) pronunciation

3
Language and Gender

• Principle Ia. In change from above, women use the
  incoming prestige form more than men

4
Language and Gender

• Change from above
• Change from below

5
Language and Gender

• Change from above
• Change from below
• the level of awareness

6
Language and Gender

• Change from above
• The speech community is aware of the change in
  progress and the new variant is positively
  evaluated
• Example innovative constricted r in New York
  (as opposed to the local r-less dialect)

7
Language and Gender

• Change from below
• Raising of short (a) in New York
• New variant recieves negative evaluations
• Not much style-shifting
• Speakers who use the new variant will deny that
  they do

8
Language and Gender

• Principle Ia. In change from above, women use the
  incoming prestige form more than men

9
Language and Gender

• Swedish example

10
Language and Gender

• Principle II. In change from below, women use
  more of the the incoming variant than men

11
Language and Gender

• Raising of the onset of diphthongs in New Zealand
  (merger of bear and beer)

12
Language and Gender

• Principle I. In stable sociolinguistic variables,
  women use the standard more than men
• Principle Ia. In change from above, women use the
  incoming prestige form more than men
• Principle II. In change from below, women use
  more of the the incoming variant than men

13
Language and Gender

• Principle I. In stable sociolinguistic variables,
  women use the standard more than men
• Principle II. In change from below, women use
  more of the the incoming variant than men
• Paradox women are both more likely to use the
  standard, and also the innovative form.