Terminology for giving birth Parturition

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Terminology for giving birth Parturition

• Cattle calve
• Sheep lamb
• Swine farrow
• Horses foal
• Dogs whelp
• Cats queen
• Goats kid

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Hormones of female reproduction

• Hormone Source Function
• estrogen follicle estrus mating behavior
• uterine growth, mucus
• progesterone corpus luteum maintain pregnancy
• prostaglandin uterus kills corpus luteum
• FSH pituitary follicle development
• LH pituitary ovulation
• formation of CL

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LH and FSH During the Estrous Cycle
LH
Progesterone
Hormone Concentration
FSH
5
10
15
Estrus
Estrus
Days Relative to Estrus
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The Estrous Cycle in Cattle
LH
2nd
1st
Progesterone
Wave
Wave
Hormone Concentration
Estradiol
FSH
5
10
15
Estrus
Estrus
Days Relative to Estrus
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Avian Reproductive Tract See Figure 11-13
Purdue University Avian Sciences Net
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Reproduction in Poultry

• Female
• Right ovary oviduct fail to develop after
  hatching
• ovulate starting at puberty starting at 20-25
  weeks
• 24 hours from one ovulation to next

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Chicken reproductive tract
Oviduct
Ovum
Ovary
(University of Alberta CBHEMA, 1999)
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Chicken ovary
(University of Alberta CBHEMA, 1999)
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Oviductinfundibulum 30 min egg pickup
sperm storage, fertilization magnum - 3 hrs
secretes albumen isthmus 1.5 hrs adds shell
membranes Uterus 18-20 hrs shell
formation New yolk is ovulated 30 min after
laying egg Purdue University Avian Sciences Net
Fig 11-13 and 11-14 in book
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Boar reproductive tract
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Male reproduction

• Organs
• Gonads testicles
• supported by scrotum (none in poultry)
• Temperature regulation in testes
• blood vessel system to exchange heat in blood
  pampiniform plexus
• muscle to raise and lower testes cremaster
  muscle
• muscles in scrotum contract and expand

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Ram Reproductive Tract
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Male reproduction

• Organs
• Testicles-cont.
• Produce gametes spermatozoa
• spermatogenesis process of production
  development of male gametes
• occurs in seminiferous tubules
• Produce male sex hormones (androgens)
• testosterone by interstitial cells

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Cross section of testes Seminiferous Tubules
No figure in text
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Spermatozoa
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Bull reproductive tract
See Fig. 11-6
University of Kentucky AgriPedia
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Male reproduction

• Organs
• Epididymis
• Concentration, storage, maturation, transport
  of spermatozoa
• Vas deferens transport of spermatozoa from
  epididymis to urethra
• Urethra common excretory duct for urine semen
  (not present in birds)
• Accessory glands
• add fluid volume, nutrients, and buffers to semen
• sperm accessory gland fluid SEMEN
• 3 Accessory glands
• 1 prostate gland
• 2 seminal vesicles
• 2 bulbourethral (Cowpers) gland

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Male reproduction

• Organs
• Penis organ of copulation
• Types include
• fibroelastic
• - sigmoid flexure (S-shaped portion) straightens
  upon erection allows for extension
• - bull, ram, boar
• vascular increased blood flow causes
  engorgement/erection
• - stallion

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Bull Reproductive Tract
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Penis types
FIBROELASTIC
BOAR
BULL
RAM
STALLION
VASCULAR
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Semen characteristics of male animals
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Reproductive management tools

• Artificial insemination
• Why is AI used?
• maximize genetic improvement
• greater access to superior genetics individual
  matings
• reduce mating costs
• control reproductive diseases
• use of dead or injured sires
• Safety

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Semen Collection in Males

• Electroejaculation
• Massage accessory glands
• Hand pressure (boars)

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Reproductive management tools

• Artificial insemination
• Some keys to success are
• detection of estrus
• behavioral changes
• standing to be mounted restless
• proper timing of insemination
• viable sperm available at time of ovulation
• breed 12 hours before ovulation
• technician skill
• correct placement of semen in reproductive tract
• cervix

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Reproductive management

• Artificial insemination
• Species use of AI
• Dairy - 70 of all cows
• Poultry 95 turkeys difficult natural mating
  chickens use natural mating
• Swine 80
• Horses increasing with greater use of extended
  semen
• Beef -
• Sheep increasing but limited flocks dispersed

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AI procedures in females

• Sheep
• -surgical or speculum
• Swine
• -corkscrew
• Horses
• - like cattle

See Figure 11-9 in text much better!
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Reproductive management

• Estrous synchronization controlling estrous
  cycle so females express estrus around same time
• Reasons to use
• 1. with AI - decrease expense of time labor
  for detection of estrus
• 2. for success of embryo transfer
• Methods
• 1. hormonal induce ovulation restart estrous
  cycle suppress estrus
• 2. natural weaning (sows beef cattle)

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Reproductive management

• Embryo transfer (ET) transferring fertilized
  embryos from one female to another
• How is ET used?
• superovulate and inseminate donor cow
• synchronize estrus of recipient females
• flush embryos of donor and transfer to recipient
  or freeze
• Why is ET used?
• maximize use of superior genetics (females)
• - many offspring/female/year

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Figure 117  Specific cleavage stages at given
times after fertilization in the cow (281-day
gestation) and the sow (114-day gestation).
(Source Bearden and Fuquay, 1997, p. 91. Used
with permission.)
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Parturition

• Initiated by the fetus stress
• Corticosterone from Adrenal
• Decreased progesterone
• Foals and lambs like cattle
• Piglets either way
• Oxytocin contractions
• Relaxin birth canal expansion
• Estrogen, Prostaglandin

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Reproductive management

• Breeding Soundness Exams
• to determine physical ability of an animal to
  breed
• typically males
• Evaluates
• Physical attributes
• body condition, health,
• Reproductive Anatomy
• testicle size organ abnormalities (ie. penis)
• Semen Quality
• semen color volume sperm concentration
  abnormalities