Investigating Earths Processes

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Investigating Earths Processes
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Identify the Three Types of Rocks

• Sedimentary
• Metamorphic
• Igneous

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How are Sedimentary Rocks Formed

• Through Compaction and Cementation
• They are made up of sediments and from the
  remains of once living plants and animals

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How are Metamorphic Rocks Formed

• Formed through the process of extreme heat and
  Pressure
• Foliated and Non-Foliated

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How are Igneous Rocks Formed

• Rock formed from the cooling and solidification
  of magma beneath the Earths Surface

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Rocks Are Identified based On

• Color
• Texture
• Mineral Types

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Plate Tectonic Study Guide
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• Define- Plate
• Rigid blocks of Earths crust and upper mantle.
• Define- Plate Tectonics
• A theory that explains movements of continents
  and changes in the Earths crust caused by
  internal forces.

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• Some plates are moving toward each other. Other
  plates are moving away from each other. Some are
  sliding past each other. Give an example of
  each
• Away From Mid-Ocean Ridges/Divergent
• Toward Mountains/Convergent
• Sliding Past San Andreas Fault/Transform

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• Define-Lithosphere
• Rigid blocks of crustal and mantle of which the
  continents are a part.
• The Lithosphere is made of the topmost solid part
  of the Earth, but broken into many pieces. The
  composition of the lithosphere is that of granite
  on the continents and basalt under the oceans.
  Because granite is less dense than basalt,
  continents float on top of the lithosphere.

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• Define Asthenosphere
• The soft layer of the mantle on which the
  tectonic plates move.
• Why is the asthenosphere so important to the
  theory of plate tectonics?
• The less dense plates float on top of the more
  dense asthenosphere they way ice floats on water
  in a lake.

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• Define the Theory of Continental Drift-
• The Earth once had a single landmass that broke
  up into large pieces, which have since drifted
  apart.
• Who Proposed this theory?
• Alfred Wegener

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• List some of Wegeners evidence
• A Fit of the Continents
• The continents look like they will fit together.
• B Fossils
• Clusters of fossils are found around the world of
  plants that only lived in one area.
• C Rocks
• Specific rock formations that were split apart
  and carried across the world. Appalachian
  Mountains.
• D Climate
• Fossil evidence gives clues to ancient climate
  patterns.

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• Why do Earthquakes and Volcanoes occur at plate
  boundaries?
• At the boundaries it is possible for magma to
  form and cause pressure, moving the plates. This
  causes earthquakes to occur and volcanoes to
  form.
• Where is the largest belt of active earthquakes
  and volcanoes?
• The Pacific Rim, or Ring of Fire.

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• How are plates moving at divergent boundaries?
• They are moving apart, or away from each other.
• What else is this called?
• Mid-Ocean Ridges
• What two features occur at mid-ocean ridges?
• Underwater mountains
• Trenches

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Sketch and label a Mid-Ocean Ridge
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• How are plates moving at a sliding or transform
  boundary?
• Two plates slide past each other horizontally.
• Give an example of a sliding boundary
• The San Andreas Fault in California

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Sketch and label a sliding boundary.
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• How are plates moving at a converging boundary?
• Two plates move toward each other, the denser
  plate gets pushed under the lighter one and is
  thrust into the mantle. The less dense plate
  gets thrust up to form mountains or islands.
• What are the types of converging boundaries?
• Continental-Continental/ Mountains
• Continental-Oceanic / Mountains
• Oceanic-Oceanic / Island Arc

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Island Arc
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• How are Subduction Boundaries related to
  mid-ocean ridges?
• New crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges in
  divergent boundaries. The older crust is pushed
  slowly away across the ocean floor. Eventually
  the old crust runs (converges) into the
  continental crust. The denser ocean crust sinks
  below the lighter continental crust called
  subduction. Creating a conveyor belt effect of
  crust creation and recycling.

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