Propagation of Fruit Crop Plants

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Propagation of Fruit Crop Plants

• By
• Robert Tomesh
• UW-Extension

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Fruit Crops

• Strawberry
• Raspberry
• Grapes
• Gooseberry
• Currant
• Elderberry
• Saskatoons

• Blueberries
• Fruit Trees
• Apple
• Pear
• Plum
• Peach
• Apricot
• Nuts

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Obtaining Plants

• Purchase plants from a reputable nursery
• True to name
• Disease free
• Virus indexed
• Arrange for spring delivery
• Home Propagation (???Name, diseases)

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Propagation

• Dont come true from seed
• Must be propagated asexually
• Stool layering (rootstocks)
• Layerage
• Cuttings
• Grafting budding

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Fruit from a single cross
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Wholesale Nursery

• Some grow several hundred plant types- (Trees and
  Shrubs)
  
• Some focus on a few plant types-(Roses) (Hilltop
  Nursery-Fruit Trees)
  

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Wholesale Nursery

• Propagation Area Start seeds, cuttings,
  grafting, tissue culture, layerage
  
• Move rooted plants to field area
• Trained, pruned, root pruned, pest control
• Canned stock grown in containers
• Grading and packing area (cold storage)

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Collecting, Storage and Planting

• Spring produced seeds (red maple, silver maple,
  poplar, elm) should be collected when mature and
  sowed immediately.
  
• Pulpy fruits (apple, walnut, rose, viburnum) must
  be de-pulped, and stored in a cool moist
  environment for 1 4 months.
  
• Some with hard seed coats (honey-locust, Kentucky
  Coffee Tree, basswood) need seed coat abrasion.

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Stratification of Seeds

• Stored in a cool (35 t0 39 degrees) moist
  environment (moist peat moss, shredded leaf
  litter, potting soil) for 1 4 months.
  
• Hormone (Dormin) in the seed has to break down
  before seeds will sprout.
  
• Collect acorns in fall, store in refrigerator
  with moist materialafter 3 months the radical
  will begin to emerge.
  
• Natural seeding in soilchilling, moist.

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Scarification of Seeds

• Seeds with hard seed coats.
• Place seeds in a covered can with equal portions
  of sand and set in the truck bed for a day or
  twothis will scratch the seed coat.

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Cuttage Vegetative Propagation

• The vegetative plant part that is to develop
  adventitious roots and/or shoots is cut
  (detached) from the mother plant.
  
• Most commonly pieces of stem are used as cuttings
  by nurseries.

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Cuttage Vegetative Propagation

• Hardwood cuttings stem segments from the
  previous seasons growth are collected during the
  dormant season (chilling may be necessary to
  break dormancy).
• Softwood cuttings stem segments collected from
  current seasons growth during early summer.
  
• Root cuttings root segments are taken in late
  winter or early spring before new growth starts.

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Hardwood Cutting

• Dormant 4 to 6 inch stem segments from last
  seasons growth.
  
• Cut just below a node.
• Use rooting hormone.
• Heat soil medium.

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Softwood Cutting

• Four to 6 inch segments of current seasons
  growth.
  
• Remove lower leaves or major portion of leaf.
• Basal cut below node.
• Use rooting hormone.

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Root Cutting

• Four to 6 inch dormant root segments are used.
• Adventitious buds originate from the cambial
  region of the root.
  
• Polarity is important for adventitious formation.

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Tissue Culture
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Amelenchier sp. 15 shoots per culture jar 1524 c
ulture jars 4 week rotation 1 round 22,860 sho
ots
1 year 297,180 shoots
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Whitespire Senior Birch
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Strawberry Propagation

• Breeding program
• Tissue Culture (virus index)
• Each plant from tissue
• Field run propagation

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Breeding Program

• Runner verses hill type production
• Fruit rot resistance
• Resistance to soil diseases red stele,
  verticillium wilt
  
• Herbicide tolerance
• Fruit quality factors
• Productivity

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Strawberry Cultivars

• Annapolis
• Earliglow
• Honeoye
• Raritan
• Redchief
• Cavendish
• Glooscap
• Kent

• Jewel
• Mesabi
• Mira
• Lateglow
• Sparkle
• Winona

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Everbearing Strawberries

• Fort Laramie
• Ogallala
• Ozark Beauty

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Day-neutral Cultivars

• Fern
• Selva
• Seascape
• Tribute
• Tristar

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Raspberries
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Breeding Strategies

• Hardiness
• Productivity
• Quality (Self-life)
• Disease Resistance
• Plant vigor
• Bloom period
• Harvest period

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Winter Breeding Process

• Complete pollination process in the absence of
  field pollen
  
• Primocanes dug in fall, containerized
• Chilled at 32 degrees for 6 to 10 weeks
• Brought into greenhouse, fertilized and allowed
  to grow
  
• Flowering about February or March

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Pollination Process

• At balloon stage, sepals closed, stamen and
  emasculated
  
• Emasculation Sepals, petals, and stamen are
  removed from the flower base
  
• Stigma has not yet reached receptive stage
• Flowers are bagged until pollination
• Selected crosses completed later

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Balloon Stage
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Pollination Process

• Pollination is completed 2 5 days after
  emasculation
  
• Pollen is transferred with a camel hair brush
  (sterilized with alcohol
  
• Flowers are re-bagged until fruit ripens

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Fruit Harvest
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Stratification of Seeds

• Stored in a cool (35 t0 39 degrees) moist
  environment (moist peat moss, shredded leaf
  litter, potting soil) for 1 4 months.
  
• Hormone (Dormin) in the seed has to break down
  before seeds will sprout.
  
• Collect acorns in fall, store in refrigerator
  with moist materialafter 3 months the radical
  will begin to emerge.
  
• Natural seeding in soilchilling, moist.

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Scarification of Seeds

• Seeds with hard seed coats.
• Scratch seed coat
• Acid scarification (wash)
• Place seeds in a covered can with equal portions
  of sand and set in the truck bed for a day or
  twothis will scratch the seed coat.

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Seed to Seedling

• At maturity, seeds are removed from pulp
• Stratified 4 months at 32 36 degrees
• Scarified and placed in a soil-mix and allowed to
  germinate
  
• Transplanted to nursery for evaluation

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Raspberry Propagation

• Breeding program
• Tissue Culture (virus index)
• Each plant from tissue
• Field run propagation
• Tip layering (Black raspberry)

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Nursery Planting
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Tips
Floricanes
Side Branches
Primocanes
Crown
Roots
Crown Buds
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Summer-bearing Raspberry

• Boyne
• Nova
• Festival
• Killarney

• Reveille
• K81-6
• Latham
• Haida

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Fall-bearing Raspberries

• Summit
• Autumn Britten
• Autumn Bliss
• Ruby

• Caroline
• Fall Red
• Red Wing
• Heritage

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Black Raspberries(Black-caps)

• (Tip Layer)
• Blackhawk
• Bristol

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Tip Layerage

• Some plants (black raspberry) rat-tail.
• Rooting takes place near the tip of current
  seasons shoot.
  
• Dig after rooting and before transplanting.

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Purple Raspberries(Tip Layer)

• Amethyst
• Brandywine
• Royality

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Yellow Raspberries

• Fall Gold
• Honeyqueen
• Anne

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Blackberries

• Thornless not hardy in Wisconsin
• Native selections
• Darrow ???

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Grape Species

• European Grapes Vitis vinifera
• American Grapes V. labrusca, V. riparia V.
  aestivalis
  
• European/ Rissling, Thompson Seedless,
  Cabernet
  
• Labrusca Concord, Catawba, Fredonia
• French/American hybrids - Foch, Milot,

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Breeding Programs

• Hardiness
• Days to maturity
• Productivity
• Disease resistance
• Cluster size
• Berry size
• Open clusters

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Pre-flowering showing cluster, leaf, and leaf
shoot
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Wisconsin Challenges with Growing Grapes

• Bud injury occurs between -10 and -25 degrees F.
• Select cultivars which mature within your growing
  season (frost free period).
  
• Success depends upon selected cultural management
  practices

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Heat Unit Accumulation Base 50
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Fruiting Cane/Fruit

• Propagation wood from currant seasons growth
• Sticks with three buds
• Maintain cane polarity

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Save canes from last seasons growthcontains
fruiting buds
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Grape Cuttings

• Spring is best
• Chilled (stratified) by Mother Nature
• Plant when spring frost are past
• Fall
• Cut to three buds
• Store in cool area below 38 degrees
• Start after stratification (3 months)

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Planting for Training System
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Cultivar Choices - Hardiness

• Valiant
• Beta (Alpha)
• King of the North (Jungs Nursery)
• Suelter
• Bluebelle
• MN 78
• Eona

• Swenson Red
• Eidelweiss
• Other Swenson cvs.
• Foch
• Merlot
• Worden
• Fredonia
• Concord

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Cultivar Choices - Maturity

• Valiant (late Aug.)
• Beta
• Swenson Red (early Sept.)
• MN 78
• Bluebelle (mid to late Sept.)
• Eidelweiss

• Foch
• Suelter (late Sept.)
• King of the North
• Worden
• Frontenac
• Swenson Wine Var.
• Fredonia
• Concord

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Recent Introductions

• St Croix (wine type)
• St. Pepin (wine type)
• Lacrosse (wine type)
• Kay Gray
• Espirit (wine type)
• Frontenac (wine type)
• Frontenac Gris
• Prairie Star
• Louise Swenson

• Swenson White
• Skujinsh 675 (Latvia) ripens early and in cool
  seasons
  
• Zilga (Lativa)
• Kandiyohi
• Summer Sweet (early, late Aug.)
• Trollhaugen (Seedless)

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Blueberry Types

• Lowbush growing wild
• Seed, green tip cuttings, dig plants, root
  cuttings
  
• Half-high Minnesota and Michigan
• - Northblue, Northsky, North County, St. Cloud,
  Freindship
  
• Highbush Blue Jay, Bluetta, Bluecrop, Elliott

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Planting Blueberries

• Purchase potted plants (tissue culture)
• Set at same height as in the nursery pot
• Plant in spring
• Water thoroughly

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Currants (Ribes rubrum, petaeum, and sativum)

• Cultivars come in red, white and black (white
  pine blister rust host)
  
• Red cultivars Red Lake, Wilder, Zante and
  Rovata
  
• White cultivars White Imperial and White grape

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Methods of Woody Vegetative Propagation

• Graftage-combining rootstock and scion wood.
• Induction of adventitious roots and shoots.
• Layerage-rooting while attached to mother plant.
• Cuttage-rooting stems cut from mother plant or
  shoots generated from mother plant root
  segments.
  

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Adventitious Roots and Shoots

• Roots and/or shoots produced from abnormal or
  unusual locations.
  
• Growing points are initiated on a vegetative
  structure.

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Layerage

• The vegetative plant part remains attached to the
  mother plant while it is developing adventitious
  roots and/or shoots.

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Simple Layerage

• Dig hole to bury plant part.
• Wounding stem stimulates rooting.
• Initiate in late spring.
• Sever from mother plant in late summer
• Transplant in fall or earlier spring.

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Trench Layerage

• Trench layering consists of growing a plant or a
  branch in a horizontal position in the base of a
  trench and filling with soil.
  
• Roots develop from the base of new shoots
• Initiated in spring.
• Wounding between buds stimulates rooting.
• Used for many shrubs.

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Mound Layering (Stooling)

• Mound layering involves cutting back a plant to
  near the ground during the dormant season and
  mounding soil over the base where new shoots will
  develop.
• Dwarf fruit tree rootstock.

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Cuttage Vegetative Propagation

• Hardwood cuttings stem segments from the
  previous seasons growth are collected during the
  dormant season (chilling may be necessary to
  break dormancy).
• Softwood cuttings stem segments collected from
  current seasons growth during early summer.
  
• Root cuttings root segments are taken in late
  winter or early spring before new growth starts.

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Plant Polarity

• Shoots are formed on the distal end (nearest the
  tip).
  
• Roots are formed on the proximal end (farthest
  from the tip).
  
• Keeping the polarity in proper dimension is
  important with grafting.

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Hardwood Cutting

• Dormant 4 to 6 inch stem segments from last
  seasons growth.
  
• Cut just below a node.
• Use rooting hormone.
• Heat soil medium.

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Softwood Cutting

• Four to 6 inch segments of current seasons
  growth.
  
• Remove lower leaves or major portion of leaf.
• Basal cut below node.
• Use rooting hormone.

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Root Cutting

• Four to 6 inch dormant root segments are used.
• Adventitious buds originate from the cambial
  region of the root.
  
• Polarity is important for adventitious formation.

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Gooseberries (Ribes hirtellum)

• Pixwell
• Poorman
• Downing
• Welcome
• Chautauqua
• Fredonia
• Hinnonmake Red
• Hinnonmake Yellow
• Colossal

Picture from Cornell University
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Elderberries (Sambucus canadensis)

• Adams 1
• Adams 2
• York
• John
• Kent
• Nova
• Scotia

Picture by UMAFRA
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Juneberries (Amelanchier sp.)

• A. alnifolia Saskatoon, serviceberry,
  juneberry
  
• A. arborea Downy serviceberry
• A. canadensis Shadblow serviceberry
• A. grandifolia apple serviceberry
• A. laevis Alleghany serviceberry
• A. stolonifera Running serviceberry

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Juneberry

• Smokey
• Honeywood
• Pembina
• Thiessen
• Martin
• Northline
• Success
• Regent

Picture from University of saskatuwan
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Mulberry (Morus rubra, alba, and nigra)

• Hicks Everbearing
• Johnson
• Stubbs
• Townsend
• Illinois Everbearing
• Travis

Picture from UW Herbarium
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Break
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Tree Fruit Propagation
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Fruit Tree Pollination

• Where cross-pollination results in a plant
  different from the parent (apple).
  
• Increase the number of a plant cultivar which is
  difficult to propagate by adventitious rooting.
  
• Trees have different c-some levels
• Plum Pipestone/Toka
• Apples Mutsu, Jonagold

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Plum Hybrids

• Cultivars and hybrid cultivars needing selected
  pollinators Oka, Compass, Sapa, Opata, Nicollet,
  Tom Thumb, and St. Anthony
  
• Ploidy of cells

Picture from U of Co.
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History of Grafting

• Started with fruit, olive and nut trees
• Dates back 3000 years to China
• Found in written records in Rome and Greece
• Now the primary method propagating clonal
  selections,(ie. Delicious, MacIntosh)

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Graftage

• Joining of plant parts by means of tissue
  regeneration.
  
• Rootstock provides the root portion (dwarf,
  disease resistant).
  
• Scion wood is the parent portion selected for its
  cultivar characteristics.
  
• Graft union is the healing wound between the
  rootstock and scion.

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Reasons for Grafting

• Increase the number of a plant cultivar which is
  difficult to propagate by adventitious rooting.
  
• Where cross-pollination results in a plant
  different from the parent (apple).
  
• Seedless cultivars (seedless grapes, seedless
  plants, male plants).
  
• Peaches (self-pollinate)

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Other Reasons for Grafting

• Leaf color (Autumn Blaze Maple)
• Flower color (Prairie Fire Crabapple)
• Fruit quality (Delicious Apple)
• Tree hardiness (Bud 9 Apple Rootstock)
• Disease resistance (Nova Easy Grow Apple)
• Sexual status (Cotton-less Cottonwood, Marshall
  Seedless Ash, Male Ginkgo, Female Bittersweet)

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Safety Concerns

• First aid supplies
• Wear leather gloves
• Cut away from yourself and others

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Tools and Materials

• Rootstock and scion wood
• Sharp knife (utility knife).
• Grafting tape (rubber strips, rubber electricians
  tape.
  
• Tree wound dressing.
• Practice wood (poplar, basswood).

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Rootstocks

• Clonal
• Super dwarf
• Dwarf
• Semi-dwarf
• Semi-standard
• Seedling
• An established tree (top-working)

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Dwarf Rootstocks

• M.27 - Smallest clone, 15 seedling size, poorly
  anchors, high density plantings
  
• M.9 - 25 size, most dwarfing rootstock used in
  Wisconsin, precocious
  
• Bud 9 Originates from Russia, similar to M.9
• These rootstocks require staking

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Semi-dwarf Rootstocks

• M.26 - 50 size, cold hardy, used commercially,
  does not tolerate wet soils
  
• M.7 55 size, widely use rootstock, disease
  tolerant, adapted to a wide range of soils, slow
  to bear, suckers
  
• G.30 Cold tolerant, resistant to fireblight, weak
  graft unions,
  

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Selecting Rootstock

• Young seedlings
• Root segments
• An established tree (top working, or use trunk)

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Mound Layering (Stooling)

• Mound layering involves cutting back a plant to
  near the ground during the dormant season and
  mounding soil over the base where new shoots will
  develop.
• Dwarf fruit tree rootstock.

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Stool Layering
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Stool Layering
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Stool Bed
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Collecting Dormant Scion Wood

• Collect dormant wood in late February.
• Select one year-old water sprouts or shoots.
• One fourth to 3/8 diameter stems (pencil sized).
• Store in moist cool (36 degree) environment.

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Compatibility

• Graft only closely related plants (same species
  (red maple/Autumn Blaze, white ash/ Autumn Purple
  Ash).
  
• Unrelated plant species usually result in plant
  failure.

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Selecting the Grafting Site

• Select a smooth and straight area on both the
  rootstock and scion wood.
  
• Root stock grafts may have side roots trimmed.
• Match the cambial zone on both the rootstock and
  scion wood.

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Match the Cambial Zone
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Whip and Tongue Graft
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Whip and Tongue Graft
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GraftUnion
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Cleft Graft
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Cleft Graft in Future Years
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Modified Cleft Graft
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Root Graft
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Root Graft
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Bud Grafting

• Budding is a form of grafting the scion is
  reduced in size to one bud.
  
• Can be done either during dormancy or during the
  growing season.

Bud Shield
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Bud (Shield) Graft
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Bud (Shield) Graft
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Summer Bud Graft
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Field T-budding
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Cutting ¾ inch bud chip
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Fruit Crops

• Strawberry
• Raspberry
• Grapes
• Gooseberry
• Currant
• Elderberry
• Saskatoons

• Blueberries
• Fruit Trees
• Apple
• Pear
• Plum
• Peach
• Apricot
• Nuts

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The End