Punishment

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Punishment
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Behavior
Increase Decrease
Positive Reinforcement
Positive Punishment
Presented Remove Or Omitted
Negative Punishment
Negative Reinforcement
So, reinforcement behavior
punishment behavior
stimulus
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Types of Punishment

• Positive Punishment
• Generally referred to as Punishment
• When response occurs, consequence is presentation
  of an aversive stimulus
  
• Probability of response decreases ?

• Negative Punishment
• More often referred to as Penalty
• When response occurs, consequence is removal of a
  reinforcer
  
• Probability of response decreases ?

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Punishment
A behavior reduction process in which the
occurrence of a behavior is followed by an
aversive stimulus (punisher)
Negative Behavior ? Adverse Consequence Behavior
TAKES something desirable environment
Positive Behavior ? Adverse Consequence Behavior
ADDS something undesirable environment

• Speeding ? bye bye
• Child fighting? no recess
• Cheat? girlfriend bye bye

• Touch a stove ? get burned
• Risky sexual beh. ? STD
• Pay Bill late ? late charge

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As with Reinforcement, Punishment

• Primary and Secondary Punishers
• Primary Punisher does not require learning to be
  effective
  
• pain is avoided from birth
• hunger
• Secondary Punisher ..experience punishment that
  was originally neutral and became aversive
  through pairing it with a primary punisher
  
• for example, loss of an allowance has been
  associated with inability to buy things which has
  been associated with hunger

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• Intrinsic Extrinsic Punishment
• Intrinsic the activity itself is punishing
• for example, riding a roller coaster makes you
  feel sick youre less likely to ride another
  one because it was inherently punishing
  
• Extrinsic the activity is followed by a
  separate event that is punishing
  
• for example, being rude to a parent results in
  loss of your allowance for the week youre less
  likely to be rude to your parent in the near
  future

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Does Punishment Work?
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Does punishment work?
Skinner (1938)
- 2 grps rats VI of lever pressing for food (3
session) - 4th session - extinction - Punishment
slap on paw 1st 10 min
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Estes (1944)
Trained to Lever press for food
3 Extinction session 2 grps (con press
shock)
Only shocked during 1st Extinction session
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Azrin (1960)

• Pigeons (key pressing)
• VI schedule
• punishment introduced mild shock
• first decreased response
• Over course of sessions behavior back to normal
• habitation to the mild shock

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Does punishment work in animals?
Punishment worksTemporary Suppression

Not good for changing behavior for the long-term
Revision of Thorndikes Law of Effect
punishing a response does nothing to the stren
gth of connection unsatisfying
consequence doesnt make behavior less
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Effect of Shock Intensity on Responses
15 min
Boe Church (1967)
Punishment worked
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Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of
Punishment
Effective Punishers must be
1. manner of introduction (intensity)
2. immediacy of punishment (delay)
3. schedule of punishment
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1. Manner of Introduction
Intensity Punishment needs to be immediately in
troduced at full intensity Azrin, Holtz Hake
(1963) Pigeons (key pressing) 80 v total supp
ression 60 v no suppression then up to 300 v su
ppression
If punisher to mild could backfire
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2. Immediacy of Punishment (Delay)
Delay between response ---------? punishment
Less time between these 2 more effective

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Solomon, Turner, Lessac (1968)
Stage 1 Dogs offered choice between preferred/non
preferred food Room with experimenter 2 dishes
Eat good stuff wack on snout with
newspaper Delay of hit on snout ? 0, 5 15 sec
3 to 4 wacks dogs learned not to eat good food
for all groups
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Solomon, Turner, Lessac (1968)
Stage 2 How effective was punishment?
Later temptation trials (10 min)
No experimenter in room 500g good /20g bad stu
ff Food deprived hungry How longs for dogs to
eat? 15 sec delay 3 min 5 sec delay 8 d
ays 0 sec delay 2 weeks
wait till your Dad gets home
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Factors influencing the effectiveness of
punishment
3. Schedule of punishment
FR FI VR VI CRF is best / FR 1 vs Fr 1000 P
unishment is not similar to Reinforcement
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Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of
Punishment
Effective Punishers must be
1. manner of introduction (intensity)
2. immediacy of punishment (delay)
3. schedule of punishment
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Punishment in Humans
same as animals?
Bucher Lovaas (1968) Electric shock used on A
utistic child Highly destructive behavior Case
Study John (7 yr old) OCD banging head/hitti
ng self Hospitalized kept in restraints Reinfo
rcement didnt work Shocked after destructive b
ehavior
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250 tx
E punisher
Punishment very effective in controlling human
behavior 1. Can promote long-term suppression
of behavior (5 yrs) 2. Environment can control t
he response (stimulus control)
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Punishment in humans
Same as animals but new addition
Manner of introduction (Intensity) self mutilat
ion behavior in mentally retarded mild shock
did not work but greater did Schedule FR1
Moms kept diary of punishment, higher
proportion of bad behavior to punishment less
misbehaving same with arrests ? higher proport
ion of arrests followed by punishment less
likely to re offend
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• Immediacy of punishment (Delay) similar to dogs
  ? toys
  
• Aronfreed (1968) repeated Solomons Study
• Children (pairs of toys)? attractive and no so
  attractive
  
• The attractive one was always punished (take away
  candy)
  
• ? delays of 0, 2, 6, or 12 seconds
• All groups learned to avoid the toy (after 2-3
  punishments)
  
• Results
• In extinction
• Only 50 0 2 sec delay groups reached after 5
  min
  
• Other groups all reached and in less than 1 min

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Explanation for punishment
Aronfreed (1968) immediacy of punishment
Added a group ? punished when picking up toy but
given explanation for why they should not do so
Explanation group significantly more
likely to resist the temptation of the toy
Accompanied by a clear (fair) example
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Explanation for punishment more info on
whybetter
Cheyne (1969) Children with toys (3rd graders)
Punished group of children for picking up toy
Thats Bad Thats bad you shouldnt play
with it Thats bad you shouldnt play with it b
ecause that toy belongs to someone else Fu
ll explanation group significantly more likely to
resist the temptation of the toy
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Punishment

• Immediate
• Firm
• Consistent
• Delivered in a variety of settings
• Clear Fair Explanation

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• Nearly 50 of drunk drivers are repeat offenders
• Punishment isnt strong enough
• Stronger punishments are more effective and last
  longer
  
• To be effective punishment must occur every time
• Odds of getting caught drunk driving are 1/2000
• Punishment for drunk driving occurs much later
  then the offense
  
• Punishment should not be delayed

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Punishmentworks with involuntary behavior???
YES.Heller Strang (1873)

• Bruxism Grinding and gnashing teeth
• 5 of College Students
• damage to jaw and teeth
• social implications

• Baseline (noise activated device) 100
  ocurrances/hr
  
• Pt. Wore ear plug3 sec burst of noise when
  activated
  
• Decreased grinding to 30/hr
• Also effective for chronic coughing, sneezing,
  vomitting

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Side Effects of Punishment
1. Emotional Effects
Fear
Anger
Impact on learning Performance
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The strong emotional responses that accompany
punishment may interfere with the ability to
attend to and/or learn from the situation
narrowing of attention Like the Yerkes-Dodson law
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• College students
• Memory tasks
• Mistake punished by shock or by a tone
• Shock group worked slower made more mistakes

Balaban et al (1990)
teacher ? goal to reduce mistakespunishment
can backfire
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• CER (Emotions) may be classically conditioned to
  stimuli associated with punishment
  
• e.g., fear and anxiety to the person and/or
  situation person may avoid the person
  administering punishment
  
• Martin (1977)
• Boys working on series of tasks were praised,
  reprimanded or ignored for effort
  
• Put more effort into reprimanded tasks
• In absence of teacher, reprimanded tasks were
  never freely chosen
  
• avoided the teacher

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Side Effects of Punishment
Aggression

• Against punisher or anyone around
• pain elicited aggression

Ulrich Azrin (1962) 2 rats peaceful Get shocks
fighting attack when hurt Been shown in cat
s, raccoons, monkeys alligators
Prison!
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• Berkowitz, Cochrane Embree (1979)
• - University Women
• Cold/warm water
• Reinforcement vs punishment of partner
• Cold water more punishment

Teachers with their hand in ice-cold water
chose to be more punitive with their Pupils
Modeling ?For children Learning that punishment
is acceptable
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Side Effects of Punishment
Spanking.
Toilet Accidents Bedwetting children
Dedendency more dependent Aggressive more
aggressive children Please someone do this f
or their paper. Does spanking work?
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Side Effects of Punishment
2. Low Generalization Continual Monitoring ?
Guilt
In real world situation must monitor continually
Daddy, I did something wrongcome punish me
No likely to happen! Suppress behavior
only in the presence of punisher
..may lead to guilt
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Side Effects of Punishment
3. Circumvent punishment

• Clever Rats
• Received shock for lever pressing (food)
• rat learned to still display behavior
• lying on back fur served as buffer from shock

People more ingenious
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Side Effects of Punishment
4. General Suppression of Behavior
Ex classroom behavior ? reduce needless
questions thats a stupid question ? not only
reduce stupid questions but all questions
Entire Class

..indicates what not to do instead of what to
dono additional learning required
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Side Effects of Punishment
5. Learned Helplessness

• Giving up ? helpless to control the situation
• No need to try and avoid escape
• Seligman (1967)
• 10 sec warning signal of shock ? 50 sec of shock
• over barrier escapetoneno shock during
  shockno shock
  
• Control grp learned to escape
• Tx group 64 inescapable shocks
• Con quickly learned to jump over
• Tx group did not learntook shocks

Floor (shock)
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Is Punishment Effective?

• Punishment is most effective when it is
  immediate, firm, consistent, delivered in a
  variety of settings, and when it is accompanied
  by a clear (and fair) explanation
• Under these circumstances, punishment can be a
  powerful technique for suppressing behavior
  
• But negative Effects.why do people use
  punishment?.

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Reinforcing to the Punisher Immediate effectw
orks for that Immediate situation Which type
if reinforcement???
Negative..increase behavior to take bad behavior
away
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Principle of Minimal Force
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Mild Forms of Punishment (negative)
Time Out (time out from positive reinforcement)
involves secluding or ignoring an individual so
that access to positive reinforcers are cut off
for a specified short period of time
extinction.. Misbehavior results in rem
oval to a less Reinforcing environment for a sp
ecified period Sit in corner ? make sure that t
he new environment does not provide any reinforc
ement
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ABAB TX Design
10 episodes
Stan (brain injury) fro hoarding cig butts,
pieces of dust, Food, socks, underwear in pockets
Time out 10 min in quiet area reinforcement
for good behavior
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Response cost (Token Economies)
?Withdrawl of previously earned reinforcers

? Reinforcer is taken away following behavior
appears to be most effective when combined with
reinforcement of appropriate behavior
Token Economies ? lost points or tokens
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Response Cost
Children
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• Reprimands
• scolding or admonishing as punishment
• reprimands are often more effective when they
• are accompanied by eye contact or a firm grip
• or spoken quietly in close proximity
• to the child being punished

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Restitution and Overcorrection
People take actions that correct the results of
their misdeeds

• a misbehaving individual must return the
  environment to the same state of affairs it was
  in before the misbehavior
  
• e.g., a child who breaks a window must pay for a
  new one child who makes a mess must clean it up 
  
  
• Restitution is a good example of a logical
  consequence, where the punishment fits the crime. 

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Overcorrection

• Restitutional Positive
  Practice
  
• (1) Restitutional overcorrection, the punished
• individual must make things better than they were
  before the inappropriate behavior
  
• e.g., a student who throws food in the lunchroom
  has to clean the whole lunchroom

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Overcorrection
(2) Positive Practice --  an individual must
repeat an action, this time doing it correctly,
perhaps in an exaggerated fashion
e.g., a student who runs dangerously down a corr
idor might be asked to go back and walk (perhaps
in slow motion) down the hall