A review

1
A review

• Metaphors are conceptual, influence our action,
  and are revealed in our language.
• Systematic and pervasive

2
Cultural Coherence

• Deeply entrenched values are consistent with the
  metaphorical system.
• Value More is Better
• Metaphors More is Up, Good is Up
• Less is Better is not coherent with these
  metaphors.

3

• There may be conflicts among our values.
• There are conflicts among the underlying
  metaphors.
• Inflation is rising, Crime rate is going up
• One metaphor will be given priority.
• More is Up over Good is Up

4
What values have priority?

• A value conflict(buying a car)
• Saving Money is Virtuous
• Bigger is Better
• Depends on
• The sub-culture we live in
• Our personal values

5
Values in a Sub-group

• Trappists Less is Better material
• Yet, More is Better virtue
• Future will be Better spiritual growth

6
For the Sub-group

• Metaphors will be internally coherent with
  respect to what is important for the group.
• Are coherent with the major orientational
  metaphors of the mainstream culture.

7
Conventional metaphors

• Part of our conventional conceptual system
• Orientational
• Ontological
• Structural
• Our conventional conceptual system is the
  framework in which we think, act, and communicate.

8
Metaphors with New Meaning

• Metaphors can create new understandings of our
  experiences
• Reverberate through a network of entailments
• What does a collaborative work of art entail?

9
Love is a Collaborative Work of Art

• Is Work
• Is Active
• Requires Cooperation
• Requires Dedication
• Requires Discipline
• Involves Creativity
• Cannot Be Achieved by Formula

• Is Unique in Each Instance
• Emphasizes Certain Aspects of Love Masks Others
• Thus, Giving the Concept of Love a New Meaning

10

• A new metaphor will highlight some aspects and
  hide other aspects.
• Love as a Collaborative Work highlights
• work, creation, pursuing goals, building, helping

11

• Other aspects of love from previous metaphors are
  hidden
• active vs. passive aspects
• Love is a Journey
• (On the rocks)
• Love is Madness
• (out of control, Hes crazy about her)

12
New Meanings guide action

• A new image of love can guide our future actions
  and help set new goals.
• (What goals fit the passive metaphors for love?)
• The New Meaning is
• partly culturally determined
• partly tied to past experiences

13
Cultural Change

• Can arise from the acquisition of new metaphors
  and the loss of old ones.
• TIME is MONEY leads to Westernization
• MORE is BETTER
• What others?

14
Creative Metaphors Can Change Social Reality

• Changed images change our behavior.
• This includes changes in the way we frame the
  problems we wish to solve.

15
Examples

• Slum as a Disease
• Slum as a Natural Community
• Welfare as a safety net
• Welfare as a hammock

16
Images are Important

• A particular metaphor suggests
• a particular view of reality
• and, hence, suggests a particular social response

17

• People in power get to impose their metaphors.
  LJ
• Carter wages war on the energy crisis.
• Amory Lovins contrasts
• Hard Energy path(inflexible, non-renewable)
• Soft Energy path(not needing defense by force)

18
Rush LimbaughSociety is a Family

• Liberal Society is a Family of Pigs
• the large sow is near death. Shes not fat and
  flourishing, shes emaciated. A lot of the
  piglets have dropped off and are running around
  lost because they cant get any more nourishment.
• You are supporting a giant bloated pig in
  Washington, D.C.

19

• A metaphor in a political or economic system, by
  virtue of what it hides, can lead to human
  degradation.

20
Models as metaphors

• McCloskey calls for a balance among fact, logic,
  metaphor, and stories.
• Man as individual, materialistic(an overstatement
  perhaps), More is Better.

21
LJs Destination

• Objectivism
• Modern
• from a need to understand the external world in
  order to be able to function in it (positivist,
  behavioralist)
• Subjectivism
• Post-modern internal aspects of understanding
• an attempt to overcome alienation from the world

22

• Experientialist
• Man as part of his environment
• things in the world do constrain our conceptual
  system
• properties and similarities exist and can be
  experienced only relative to a conceptual system
• Suggest that coherence in our experiencemeaning