The Three Stages of Social Perception

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The Three Stages of Social Perception
Interpretation and Judgment
Attention
Organization
Social Stimuli
Response
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Factors that Influence Perception
Factors in the perceiver ? Attitudes ?
Motives ? Interests ? Experience ?
Expectations
Factors in the situation ? Time ? Work
setting ? Social setting
Perception
Factors in the target ? Novelty ? Ambiguity
? Motion, Sound, Size ? Background ? Proximity
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Other Factors that Influence Perception
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Biases in Person Perception

• Stereotyping When one makes inferences about a
  person based on overly simplified and often
  inaccurate beliefs about a group to which that
  person belongs.
• Primacy Effects When the initial pieces of
  information that one has about a person have an
  inordinately large effect on ones perception of
  that person.
• Contrast Effect When ones perceptions of a
  person are affected by the perceptions one has of
  other persons.

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Biases in Person Perception

• Halo Effect When ones general impression of a
  person influences his/her perception of the
  person on specific dimensions.
• Similar-to-me Effect When people perceive others
  who are similar to them more positively than
  those who are dissimilar.
• Projection Tendency to attribute ones own
  characteristics to other people.
• Selective Perception Tendency to notice certain
  things, and to filter out others, when observing
  anothers behavior.

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Examples of Some Biases in Person Perception
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Examples of Some Biases in Person Perception
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The Process of Forming Attributions
Perceiver evaluates . . .
Internal attribution Perceiver
attributes actors behavior to internal causes
External attribution Perceiver
attributes actors behavior to external causes
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The Attribution Process
OBSERVATIONS ASSIGNMENT OF CAUSE
RESPONSE
Individual Behavior Examples
Productivity Promptness Attendance
Internal Causes Examples Ability
Effort Attitude
Criteria Distinctiveness Consistency
Consensus
Behavior Response
Situational Factors Examples
Workload Resources Support Time
External Causes Examples Work
demands Conditions Time pressure
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Attributional Biases

• Fundamental Attribution Error
• Tendency to underestimate the influence of
  external factors and overestimate the influence
  of internal factors when making judgments about
  others behavior
• Self-Serving Bias
• Tendency to attribute ones own successes to
  internal factors and ones failures to external
  factors

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The Communication Process
Noise
Sender
Encode
Transmit
Decode
Receiver
Feedback
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Personal Style and Work Orientation
Growth/ development
Self-actualization/ task-oriented
Self-actualization/ people-oriented
Orientation toward self
Security/ people-oriented
Security/ task-oriented
Protection/ conservation
Focus on relationships
Focus on work
Orientation toward job
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Core Aspects of Self-Awareness and the Managerial
Implications
Self-understanding and self-management
Values priorities and values maturity
Attitudes toward change
Cognitive style
Interpersonal orientation
Understanding differences in others