Why manage the coast

1
Coastal Zone Management

• Why manage the coast?

2
Development

• From 1960- 1990 the population of coastal areas
  in the US increased from 80 million to 110
  million
• It is projected to reach over 160 million by the
  year 2015

3
Development

• Decreases the coastal barriers ability to
  absorb the force or storms and buffer the
  mainland
• Increases the rate of erosion
• Causes loss of habitat

4
Solution Implement laws to protect Coastal
Barriers

• Three major acts/laws that dealt specifically
  with coastal barriers

5
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act- 1981

• Amended the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968
• Prohibited the issuance of new federal flood
  insurance after Oct. 1, 1983 for any new
  construction or for substantial improvements of
  structures located on undeveloped coastal
  barriers.

6
Coastal Barrier Resources Act

• Legislation directed the Secretary of the
  Interior to designate coastal barriers under the
  definition contained in the Omnibus Budget Act
• October 18, 1982- Congress passed the CBRA

7
CBRA- 1982

• Designated undeveloped coastal barriers for
  inclusion into the Coastal Barrier Resources
  System- often just referred to as the System
• These areas were designated by maps
• Used things such as GIS mapping to determine
  flood zones
• All areas assigned were made ineligible for
  direct or indirect Federal Financial Assistance

8
CBRA- 1982

• Originally consisted of 186 units totaling 666
  miles of shoreline and 452,834 acres of
  undeveloped, unprotected coastal barriers on the
  Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts

9
CBRA- 1982

• Purpose of CBRA was to eliminate federal
  development incentives on undeveloped coastal
  barriers, thereby preventing the loss of human
  life and property from storms, minimizing federal
  expenditures, and protecting habitat for fish and
  wildlife
• DOES NOT restrict the use of coastal barriers
  for private property

10
Federal Assistance

• CBRA restricts the availability of any new
  federal assistance to develop property
• Specifically, no new federal flood insurance can
  be issued for properties located on System units
• Properties already existing within the System
  remain in force, however if the property is
  damaged, it cannot be rebuilt with federal flood
  assistance if the cost of rebuilding is more than
  50 of the value of the property

11
Federal Assistance

• Additionally, prohibits most new federal
  expenditures and financial assistance within the
  System if that expenditure encourages development
• Construction of new federal highways
• Beach renourishment
• Disaster relief
• Flood control

12
Coastal Barrier Improvement Act of 1990

• System expanded to include other units along the
  Great Lakes, Puerto Rico, the Florida Keys, the
  Virgin Islands, and secondary barrier within
  large embayments
• Also provided for automatic inclusion of
  undeveloped coastal barriers that are excess
  Federal properties
• Route 1 in Florida Keys and Michigan highways
  exempt from funding prohibition South Padre
  Island has limited exemption
• System now comprised of 3 million acres and
  2,500 miles of shoreline

13
Keeping up with the System

• At least once every 5 years the Secretary must
  review the maps and make appropriate changes such
  as changing of boundaries
• New units can be recommended at the state level
  for inclusion into the System
• Certain things are exempt from federal
  prohibition of funding i.e. existing navigation
  channels, scientific research, military
  activities, Coast Guard facilities, etc.

14
CBRA is the biggest law affecting the coastal
barriers, but what else is there, for all beaches
in general?
15
Clean Water Act

• Originally enacted in 1948, revised in 1972
• Authorizes Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
  to set effluent pollution limits for point source
  pollution discharging into the waters of the
  United States
• waters of the United States a broad
  definition to include wetlands
• CWA does not apply to agricultural nonpoint
  source pollution

16
Important Sections of CWA

• Section 208 and 303
• Provides framework for addressing nonpoint
  source pollution(NSP)
• State and local governments analyze NSP and
  develop water quality management program
• Plans are evaluated, states provide statewide
  plans for point and nonpoint source pollution
  management
• Funds for the states are provided by EPA under
  section 208

17

• Section 319/ Nonpoint Source Pollution Program
• 1987 amendment to CWA establishes national
  program to control nonpoint sources of water
  pollution

• Section 401/ Water Quality Certification for
  Dredge and Fill
• Certification required to discharge dredge and
  fill materials into US waters
• Goal is to keep activities consistent with
  national water quality standards and practices

• Section 402/ National Pollutant Discharge
  Elimination System Permit Program
• Apply for permit according to pollution level

18
Section 404/ Dredge Materials into US Waters

• Requires and regulates permits for discharge of
  dredge and fill material into surface water,
  tributaries, or their adjacent wetlands
• Administered by Army Corps of Engineers (ACOE)
  and EPA
• Under requirements for permit applicant must
  demonstrate the following
• 1. There are no practicable alternatives
• 2. That threatened or endangered species will
  not be eliminated or water quality standards
  violated
• 3. No significant degradation of water will
  result
• 4. The impacts of any necessary discharge are
  minimized

19
Coastal Zone Management Act

• Passed in 1972 in response to threats on our
  oceans and coastlines
• Purpose is to protect the water quality in our
  coastal zone
• Administered by NOAA
• Unique Feature of CZMA is participation is
  voluntary
• To encourage participation CZMA makes federal
  financial assistance available to coastal states
  who develop and implement a coastal management
  program
• Led to the creation of three important coastal
  programs

20
1. Coastal Zone Management Program 2.
National Estuarine Research Reserve System 3.
National Marine Sanctuaries Program
21
Office of the Coastal Resource Management

• CZMA created a partnership between OCRM and
  state and territorial governments
• This leaves day to day management decisions at
  the state level
• OCRM oversees programs in all coastal states
  except Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Minnesota,
  Texas, and Ohio
• These nonparticipating states are currently
  developing programs except for Indiana and
  Illinois
• State with OCRM approved program can deny or
  restrict any development that is inconsistent
  with its coastal zone management program

22
Coastal Zone Management Program

• State federal partnership leaves day to day
  decisions at the state level
• Currently 99.9 of the shoreline are managed by
  the program (Indiana/Illinois)
• Administered at the federal level by the Coastal
  Programs Division. CPD also supports states
  through
• 1. Financial assistance
• 2. Mediation
• 3. Technical services and information (public
  access, dredging, federal consistency with
  state policies...)

23
Three major themes of the CZMP 1.
Sustain Coastal Communities 2. Sustain Coastal
Ecosystems 3. Improve Government Efficiency
24
National Estuarine Research Reserve System

• System consists of laboratories to study
  estuaries and find ways to improve their health
  in nearly 440,000 acres of US land and water
• Partnership of state, federal, and community
  authorities
• Each reserve studies coastal ecosystems and
  researches
• 1. How humans impact them
• 2. Methods for improving
• their condition

25
National Marine Sanctuary

• Goal is to preserve marine heritage through
  conserving endangered species and habitat
• Area of protection includes over 18,000 miles of
  ocean and coastal waters
• Increase knowledge through research and lessen
  the chances of events like oil spills and ship
  groundings

26
Amendments and Sections of CZMA
Section 6217 Nonpoint Source Pollution

• Amended in 1990 to address nonpoint source
  pollution
• Requires states with approved coastal zone
  management programs to implement NPS control
  programs
• Failure to do so results in loss of funding
  under Sec. 319 CWA and 306 CZMA
• Programs are applicable to entire coastline
  excluding areas subject to new stormwater
  regulations

27
Other Important Agencies and Acts
Army Corps of Engineers (ACOE)

• Engineering and water resources development
  agency that primarily manages wetlands and
  waterways
• ACOE issues permits for
• Disposal of fill materials into US waters or
  wetlands
• Projects including construction of piers, docks,
  and ramps
• Projects including dredging and disposal
  activities in navigable waterways
• Disposal of materials into ocean waters

28
ACOE Programs
Programs include navigation, flood control, flood
plain management, beach restoration and
protection, hurricane and flood protection, water
quality control....
29
US Fish and Wildlife Service

• Helps conserve coastal resources by working in
  partnership with Fed/State/Local/and private
  organization
• US FWS National Coastal Wetlands Conservation
  Grant
• Program established in 1990 by Coastal Wetlands
  Planning, Protection, and Restoration Act
• Grants are provided to states for acquisition,
  restoration, or enhancement of coastal wetlands/
  10 million awarded annually
• Funds based on ranking factors developed by
  service

30
National Environmental Policy Act

• Goal is the protection, enhancement, and
  maintenance for environment
• All federal agencies must consider impacts on
  environment through preparation of Environmental
  Impact Statement
• Incorporate environmental considerations into
  their planning, decision making, and actions

Clean Vessel Act 1992

• Reduce pollution from vessel sewage discharge

31
Summary
1. Most laws pertaining to barrier islands and
coastlines are Federal (CWA, CBRA, etc), however
the CZMA relies on a complex interaction where
the federal government oversees the big picture
leaving day to day decisions in the hands of the
state. 2. Problem with legislation is inability
to agree on definition of terms ex. significant,
directly, wetlands
32
State Coastal Zone Management Programs

• North Carolina Coastal Area Management Act (CAMA)
• Began with diversity of agency responsibilities
  and a time-consuming, cumbersome permits program
• Texas Coastal Management Program (CMP)
• Permits program
• The Florida Coastal Management Program (FCMP)
• Consists of network of 23 Florida
• Statutes administered by eleven
• state agencies and four water
• management districts.

33
State Coastal Zone Management Programs

• Oregon Coastal Management Program
• Oregon's Coastal Management Program Approved in
  1977
• Louisiana Coastal Zone Management Program
• Louisiana State and Local Resources Management
  Act of 1978 is key legislation

34
Grants Programs for Local Governments

• local hazard mitigation planning
• beach access improvement
• waterfront revitalization
• waterfront access creation and enhancement

• pollution prevention
• habitat inventories
• land protection planning
• environmental research
• environmental remediation

35
Coastal Recreation Tourism Projects

• Florida Sea Grant established low power radio
  station that provides motorists and boaters with
  information about Florida Bay
• In Delaware, federal, state and private interests
  have embarked on effort to bring nature-based
  tourism (or ecotourism) to the forefront in the
  state
• Marine Services guide to Georgia coast created
  for disseminating information to boating tourists
  and recreational anglers

36
Community Assistance

• The community assistance unit of the Florida
  Coastal Management Program provides technical
  assistance and training aimed at improving
  management and enhancing public understanding of
  coastal resources.

37
Coastal Preserves

• Texas Coastal Preserves
• Coastal Preserve Program protects unique coastal
  areas and fragile biological communities,
  including important colonial bird nesting sites
• Currently, there are four coastal preserves
• North Carolina Reserves
• N.C. Coastal Reserve program sets aside
  undeveloped coastal lands and waters for
  research, education and public use
• Currently, there are nine coastal Reserves

38
Public Recreational Access

• North Carolina Public Access program
• The North Carolina General Assembly established
  the Public Beach and Coastal Waterfront Access
  Program by providing matching grants to local
  governments for projects designed to improve
  pedestrian access to the state's beaches,
  estuarine beaches and waterways.
• Texas has adopted a coastal access plan
• Working with communities to identify current
  public access sites, to make recommendations for
  improving shoreline access, and to publish a
  beach and bay access guide

39
Oil Spill Prevention and Response Program

• In Texas, coastal interests have established
• Facility to receive oily bilge water from
  recreational boats
• Practice and drill in responding to spills
• A study of factors responsible for oil spills
• Education program for people concerning impact of
  spills

40
Beach Cleanup

• New York Coastal Cleanup Day
• Part of international beach cleanup program
• Texas Adopt-A-Beach program
• All volunteer
• Texas beaches receive huge amount of debris
• North Carolina Beach Sweep
• Massachusetts COASTSWEEP

41
Planning and Monitoring

• Port and Harbor Planning in the Massachusetts
  Coastal Zone
• encourage the creation or expansion of
  water-dependent facilities in developed port and
  harbor areas
• Massachusetts Marine Monitoring and Research
  Program
• proactively monitoring water quality and sources
  of contamination and creating models to predict
  future impacts
• Gulf Ecological Management Site (GEMS)
• The GEMS Program is initiative of the Gulf of
  Mexico Program (GMP) and the five GOM states
• Goal is to conserve, restore, enhance and create
  Gulf of Mexico habitats

42
Planning and Monitoring

• The New York District Corps of Engineers, in
  partnership with the Port Authority of New York
  and New Jersey, the States of New York and New
  Jersey, and the City of New York are working
  together to evaluate the navigational needs of
  the Port of New York over the next 50 years.
• Maryland has prepared a Sea Level Rise Response
  Strategy for the State

43
Cultural Resource Management Programs

• Massachusetts Board of Underwater Archaeological
  Resources
• the sole trustee of the Commonwealth's underwater
  heritage, promoting and protecting the public's
  interests in these resources for recreational,
  economic, environmental, and historical purposes

44
Examples of Individual State Laws

• Texas Open Beaches Act
• Use And Maintenance Of Public Beaches
• Texas Dune Protection Act
• Establishing and Location of Dune Protection Line
  
• The Oregon Removal-Fill Law
• regulates alterations to estuaries, lakes and
  other waterways
• The Oregon Beach Bill
• regulates uses and alterations along the ocean
  shore.