Hawaiian Creole English HCE

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Hawaiian Creole English (HCE)

• Chae Yim
• Ling. 455

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Contents

• Introduction
• First Contact
• History
• Introduction to Pidgin
• Development of Hawaiian Creole English

• Pronunciation
• Grammar
• HCE Today
• Issues with HCE
• Bibliography
• Media

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Introduction

• Classified as Hawaiian Creole English (HCE) but
  still referred to as Pidgin.
• 600,000 people speak HCE today.
• Primarily English, but other languages are
  involved as well. (Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese,
  Korean, etc..)

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First Contact

• 1778 European contact- Capt. Cook ( England ).
• 1790 Port between China and W. America.
• 1805 Disease plagues indigenous population.
• 1835 First sugar cane plantation

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History

• 1835 Hawaiian language dominant
• 1835 Decreased use on the plantation
• 1874 Increase in sugar cane acres
• 1875 Decrease in Hawaiians
• 1876 Ratification of Reciprocity Treaty

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Increase in Immigration

• China 1852-1899
• Japan 1885-1899
• Pacific Islands 1864-1885
• Portugal 1901-1923
• Puerto Rico 1900-1901
• Korea 1903-1905
• Philippines 1907-1929

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Development of Hawaiian Pidgin English (HPE)

• Change from Hawaiian to English.
• 1878-1888 Increase in English Schools and
  decrease in Hawaiian Schools.
• Gradual replacement of Hawaiians on plantation.
• Intermarriage with other races.
• Continued decline in Hawaiian population.

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Expanded Pidgin

• Pidgin being used outside of plantation
• Spoken in ethnic groups in mixed urban areas.
• Children exposed to both languages.
• 1st generation learned pidgin in school.

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Development of Hawaiian Creole English (HCE)

• Spoke only Hawaiian Pidgin English to 2nd
  Generation.
• Hawaiian Pidgin English acquired as first
  language.
• No longer a Pidgin but Creole.
• Established around 1905-1920

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Linguistic Features of HCE
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Pronunciation

• Voiced and unvoiced th
• No th sounds. HCE substitutes with t or d
  sounds.
• Ex. tink think , bot both, and fada father

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Pronunciation

• Pidgin is non-rhotic.
• Ex. car is often pronounced cah, and letter is
  pronounced letta.
• In the place of r at the end of vowels in
  English, HCE has syllable a followed by i,
  u, o, ai, or e.
• Ex. Dia (deer), pua (poor), stoa (store), faia
  (fire), and waelfea (welfare).

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Pronunciation

• The sound l at the end of a word is often
  pronounced o or ol.
• Ex. mental is often pronounced mento people is
  pronounced peepo.

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Grammatical

• English "to be" (i.e. the copula) are omitted
  when referring to inherent qualities of an object
  or person.
• Ex. Da house big.
• When the verb "to be" refers to a temporary
  state or location, the word stay is often used.
• Ex. Da cup stay on top da table.
• The cup is on the table.

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Grammatical

• To express past tense, Pidgin uses wen (went) in
  front of the verb.
• Ex.
• Jesus wen cry. (DJB, John 1135)
• Jesus cried.

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Grammatical

• To express future tense, Pidgin uses gon ,goin
  (going) in front of the verb.
• Ex.
• God goin do plenny good kine stuff fo him. (DJB,
  Mark 119)
• God is going to do a lot of good things for him.

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Structural Differences in HCE and English
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Today

• 600,000 people speak HCE
• KCCNFM 100 radio plays regular HCE programs and
  music. http//kccnfm100.com/
• Many authors using pidgin Eric Chock, Lisa
  Kanae, Darrell Lum, Milton Murayama, Ed Sakamoto,
  Gary Pak, Lee Tonouchi, and Lois-Ann Yamanaka.
• Translation of the New Testament (Da Jesus Book)
  www.pidginbible.org

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Issues with HCE

• Blamed for poor education test scores.
• Not college level (Just casual talk)
• Ebonics (English words mean different things in
  Pidgin ex. Cockaroach (steal away) )
• Associated with lower class (stigmatized as
  inferior).
• Substandard or broken english

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Hawaiian Automotive 101 with George Nitta

• Radio show
• Other links
• http//www.extreme-hawaii.com/pidgin/vocab/

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Bibliography

• Sakoda, K and Siegel, J (2003) Pidgin Grammar.
  Bess Press Honolulu.
• Romaine, S (1998) Pidgin and Creole Languages.
  Cambridge Cambridge.
• Reinecke, J (1975) Bibliography of Pidgin and
  Creole. Univ. of Hawaii Press Honolulu.
• Grimes, B.F (2000) Da Jesus Book. Islander
  Group Honolulu.
• Websites
• http//si.unm.edu/linguistics/pidgin
• www.uhh.hawaii.edu/ ronald/230/Creoles.htm
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Pidgin

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Da End