Imperialism

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Imperialism

• In the Late 19th
• Early 20th Centuries

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Imperialism

• Occurs when a strong nation takes over a weaker
  nation or region and dominates its economic,
  political, or cultural life.
• A type of foreign policy practiced by European
  nations, the US, and Japan throughout the 1800s
  and early 1900s
• Industrialization was always a precursor to
  Imperialism!

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Imperialism

• Isolationist position, pre-Civil War
• George Washington warned against foreign
  entanglements
• Monroe Doctrine (1823) one exception Latin
  America directed
• Old Manifest Destiny (1840s)other nations
  amassed colonies around world, US focused on
  continental expansion
• Post Civil War, early examples
• Secretary of State William Seward under Lincoln
  Johnson
• 1866 MexicoUS threatened invasion
• Alaska purchase 1867
• 1867Midway Island for US
• Grant tried to add Santo Domingo, but Senate
  rejected
• By late 19th century, US started movement toward
  acquisition of insular territories

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Motivations behind imperialism

• Commercial/business interests
• Military/strategic interests
• Religious/missionary motivations
• Social Darwinismthe White Mans Burden, racism
• Closing of the American Frontier
• International rivalries

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Motivations

• Commercial/business interests
• overproduction of US goods and agri products had
  caused depressions and economic downturns
• new markets were needed
• new sources of raw materials needed
• Myth Chinese market very powerful attraction!

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Motivations

• 2. Military/strategic motives
• Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan
• Historian, naval war college
• Influence of Sea Power Upon History
• Expanded navy needed if US was to become a world
  power
• Needed canal in central America
• Needed island colonies for strategic refueling

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Motivations

• 3. Missionary/Religious
• Christianize civilize the less advantaged
  races of the world
• Civilization always meant WASP
• Americanization also part of religious work
• Advance team for American businesses

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Motivations

• 4. Social Darwinism-- White Mans Burden
• Rev. Josiah Strong Our Country
• It seems to me that God, with infinite wisdom
  and skill, is training the Anglo-Saxon race for
  an hour sure to come in the worlds future.
• Then this race White Americans of unequaled
  energy, with all the majesty of numbers and the
  might of wealth behind itthe representative, let
  us hope, of the largest liberty, the purest
  Christianity, the highest civilizationhaving
  developed peculiarly aggressive traits calculated
  to impress its institutions upon mankind, will
  spread itself over the earth.

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Motivations

• 5. Closing the Frontier
• Frederick Jackson Turner
• Nation faced crisis because no more frontier to
  fill
• Had birthed the American system
• Served as a safety valve
• CRISIS
• New frontier Overseas!

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Motivations

• 6. International rivalries
• Other nations were already colonizing
• If US wanted to be world power had to have
  colonies
• Unless we got started all the good stuff would
  be taken!

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Hawaii

• 1820s, missionaries entered Hawaii
• 1875 1887 Reciprocity Treaty
• Tariff of 1890
• Change of Monarch in 1891
• Nationalist movement led by Queen Liliuokalani
• American coup-staged by resident Americans with
  the approval of the U.S. minister in Hawaii
• Annexation 1898 by a joint resolution

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Last Hawaiian Monarch Queen Liluokalani
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Opposition to Annexation

• Imperialism would benefit only special interest
  groups
• Imperialism was a dangerous departure from
  American tradition
• Bringing in non-Anglo-Saxons would imperil the
  American system
• Non annexed until 1898 by joint resolution of
  Congress, not a treaty

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South American Problems

• Pan-American Union, 1889
• US invited Latin American countries to Washington
  for a conference
• Viewed with suspicion by Latin American countries
• Chile, 1891
• US sailor attacked by mob in Chile
• Harrison sent war message to Congress
• Chile apologized paid damages to family of
  sailor

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Spanish-American War

• Spains empire in decline
• Cuba still part
• 1868-1878 Ten-Years Warfailed attempt at Cuban
  independence
• 1895Cuban rebels restart independence movement
• Spain sends new governorValeriano Weyler
• Called the Butcher

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Spanish-American War

• Because rebels could hide in society, Weyler
  began a program to separate loyal citizens from
  rebels
• Reconcentration program
• Not well runlacked food, health care, clean
  water, no housing
• Given 8 days to move
• By 1898, 1/3 population in camps

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Yellow Journalism

• Newspaper war in US for circulation
• New York World, Josef Pulitzer
• New York Journal, William Randolph Hearst
• Sympathesized with Cuban freedom fighters
• Sent reporters photographers to Cuba
• Engaged in sensational or yellow journalism to
  attract readers
• Themes brutality of Spanish glorious deeds of
  Cuban rebels

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Joseph Pulitzer
William Randolph Hearst
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De Lome Letter

• Spanish minister to the US in 1898
• In private letter he called McKinley indecisive
  and irresolute
• Copy got to Hearst who printed English
  translation with headline
• "The Worst Insult to the United States in Its
  History."
• De Lome forced to resign

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January 1898
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Explosion of USS Maine

• Feb 15, USS Maine suddenly exploded in Havana
  harbor 260 Americans dead
• Most in US thought Spain did it
• Spain claimed was an accidentinternal explosion
• 1976 investigation agreed with Spanish assessment
• Spain offered arbitration McKinley refused

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March to War

• March 17, 1898, Congressional investigation
  reveals Spanish brutality
• March 27 US sends demands to Spain, including
  remove Weyler
• April 10 Spain agrees to start peace talks with
  rebels over Cuban independence
• April 11 McKinley asks for declaration of war
• April 20 War declared against Spain

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War

• Teller Amendment passed
• 113 days
• John Hay, ambassador to England called it a
  Splendid little war
• Theodore Roosevelt, undersecretary of navy,
  resigned to join up
• Organized his Rough Riders
• Had Brooks Brothers make him designer uniform

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Two Theaters of War
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Second Theater Pacific
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Admiral Dewey
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Teddy Roosevelt his Rough Riders
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War

• Commodore George Dewey 1st hero of war
• May 1 sailed into Manila Bay, Philippines
• You may fire when ready, Gridley
• Demolished the Spanish navy
• One casualty for USheat stroke
• Dewey made Admiral of the Navy a title no one
  had held or has since held
• US took Philippines which also had been having a
  war of independence
• Emilio Aguinaldoleader of insurgents

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Philippines

• US at first promised Filippinos independence
• McKinley said he prayed about it and decided God
  wanted him to bring Christianity to our little
  brown brothers
• Led to Philippine-American War 1899-1913
• 4,324 American soldiers were killed and 2,818
  were wounded
• Over 500,000 Filippinos killed

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Spanish-American War

• Cuba surrendered July 17, Armistice signed
  August 12
• Treaty not signed until December 10
• Treaty of Paris
• Spain got 20 million for Philippines
• US acquired Philippines, Guam Puerto Rico
• Cuba independent, but Platt Amendment allowed US
  to intervene in Cuban affairs got Guantanamo
  Naval Base
• Cost of War 250 million 274,000 Americans
  fought, 5,462 died (362 in battle) lowest
  casualties of any American war
• Made Teddy Roosevelt a hero VP candidate

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China

• British first to move into China
• Eventually other European nations carved out
  their own spheres of influenceeach controlled a
  port city
• US wanted to get involvedOpen Door Notes
• Secretary of State John Hay
• All nations have equal access to China
• Prevent takeover of China by any one power
• Other nations ignored US request

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• 1900, Tsu Hsi, dowager empress, with help of
  peasant group knows as the Fists of Righteous
  Harmony (the Boxers) attempts uprising to rid
  China of Foreign Devils
• International force of 45,000, including 2000
  American marines and soldiers diverted from
  Philippines
• US had no interests to protect in China, but
  wanted to be part of peace settlement
• Boxers were put down and Qing Dynasty broken

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US Imperialism
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Teddy Roosevelt

• Became president when McKinley assassinated by
  Leon Czolgosz, anarchist
• West African proverb "Walk softly and carry a
  big stick, and you will go far."
• Negotiations backed by threat of force
• Great nations of world needed to use power to
  police the world
• Sent US Navy on a cruise around the world in 1907
• TR intervened in Venezuela (1902), Panama (1903),
  Santo Domingo (1904-1907), and Cuba (1906)

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Panama

• Northern province of Columbia
• Canal started in 1881, but company went bankrupt
• TR offered 10 million for rights to build
• Columbia refused
• A revolution started in Panama TR quickly
  recognized the new country, then paid them the
  10 million
• US, after a decade 6,000 lives, got the canal
• Yellow fever leading cause of death Walter Reed
  proved was spread by mosquito

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