Fruits and Seeds

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Fruits and Seeds
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Basic Types of Fruits

• Simple
• develops from a flower with only one pistil
• ? kiwi, banana, watermelon, orange
• Aggregate
• numerous pistils
• ? strawberry, rasberry
• Multiple
• formed from a cluster of flowers
• ? pineapple, mulberry

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Definitions

• Fruit
• A fruit is the ripened ovary with its seeds, of a
  flowering plant.
• Seed
• After an ovule is fertilized, the ovary begins to
  expand. The petals of the flower fall off and the
  ovule develops into a seed.

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Types of Fruits

• The tissue surrounding the seed is called
  pericarp.
• Types of fruits based on pericarp

Fleshy - fleshy and moist at fruit maturity.

• Dry
• Dry Dehiscent A fruit that splits open.
• - Dry Indehiscent A fruit that does not split
  open.

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Fleshy Fruits

• Pericarp
• Developed from the ovary wall of the flower.
• Exocarp ? outermost layer
• Mesocarp ? fleshy and juicy
• Endocarp ? contains the seeds

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Fleshy Fruits

• Berry consisting of one or more carpels with one
  or more seeds, the ovary wall fleshy.

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Fleshy Fruits

• Hesperidium a specialized berry with a leathery
  rind.

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Fleshy Fruits

• Pepo berry with a hard rind, the receptacle
  partially or completely enclosing the ovary.

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Fleshy Fruits

• Pomes derived from several carpels, receptacle
  and outer portion.

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Fleshy Fruits

• Drupe derived from a single carpel and
  containing (usually) one seed. Exocarp a thin
  skin.

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Dry Dehiscent Fruits

• Follicle composed of one carpel and splitting
  along one seam. (Milkweed)

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Dry Dehiscent Fruits

• Legume composed of a single carpel and splitting
  along two lines.

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Dry Dehiscent Fruits

• Capsule A Capsule is the most common fruit type.
  A Capsule is a dry fruit which splits open to
  release the seeds. (Cotton, eucalyptus)

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Dry Dehiscent Fruits

• Silique composed of two carpels which separate
  at maturity, leaving a persistent partition
  between them.

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Dry Indehiscent Fruits

• Nut a hard, one-seeded fruit, generally formed
  from a compound ovary, with the hard pericarp.

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Dry Indehiscent Fruits

• Caryopsis or grain a one-seeded fruit in which
  the seed is firmly attached to the fruit at all
  possible points.

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Specialized Storage Structures

• Bulbs Compressed leaf tissue.

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Specialized Storage Structures

• Corm a thick, solid, underground stem.

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Specialized Storage Structures

• Rhizomes a lateral stem growing just beneath or
  partially beneath the soil line.

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Specialized Storage Structures

• Stolons an above ground trailing shoot also
  called runners.

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Specialized Storage Structures

• Tubers a thick, underground stem having numerous
  buds. Eyes are the nodes.

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Specialized Storage Structures

• Tuberous roots

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Seed

• The seeds are the mature ovules from which new
  plants will grow. They are inside the ovary and
  surrounded by a hard seed coat, very well kept
  from outer aggressions

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Dicot Seed
A - Embryo1) radicle2) plumule3) hypocotyl
B - Endosperm4) cotyledon
C - Seed coat 5) The seed coat 6) The
micropyle
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Monocot Seed
MONOCOT SEED (CORN)
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Objectives

• Dissect a monocot seed
• Dissect a dicot seed
• Dissect an aggregate fruit (strawberry)