Chapter 8 Cold War 19451958

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Chapter 8Cold War (1945-1958)

• Section A Resumption of Civil Aviation
• Section B Commercial Aviation
• Section C Hot Spots
• Section D Rockets, Missiles, and Satellites

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Cold War

• From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the
  Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the
  continent of Europe
• - Winston Churchill
• The Cold War was a rivalry of two superpowers
• US vs. USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)
• Dropping the A-bombs on Japan was a demonstration
  of the new weapon and a warning to Stalin.
• A Cold War is a conflict short of combat, whose
  chief weapons were words compiled as porpaganda.

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Section AResumption of Civil Aviation

• Surplus aircraft flooded the market worldwide at
  the end of WW II. Military transports became
  available from the various combatant nations as
  soon as the war ended, because many nations
  demobilized except the Soviet Union. Airlines
  in government service during the war, either
  through nationalization or contractual
  arrangements, returned to commercial ventures.
  Customers worldwide bought war-surplus equipment,
  while others bought the old equipment being
  replaced by military and commercial operations.
  Civil aviation boomed.

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International Aviation

• Companies were planning the conversion from
  wartime to peacetime aviation.
• Internationally, companies and govts discussed a
  wide range of options for postwar civil aviation.
• Americanization vs. internationalization
• Many conferences followed

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Chicago Conference

• In Nov/Dec 1944, the US hosted the International
  Conference on Civil Aviation.
• Issues included
• Rights of transit and landing, air routes,
  frequencies, safety, technical matters, and
  navigation.
• Of the nations that attended, the Soviet Union
  did not.

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Chicago Conference

• The participants reached agreement on technical
  matters.
• Accepting US standards for
• rules
• traffic control
• communication practices
• meteorological services

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Chicago Conference

• Two Freedoms was readily agreed upon
• Right of Transit allowed a plane to fly across
  the territory of a foreign country.
• Technical Stop the right to land for technical,
  non-traffic, non-commercial reasons, such as
  refueling or repairs

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Chicago Conference

• Britain disagreed with the USs final three
  freedoms of the air
• The right to load passengers, mail, and cargo in
  the airlines country of origin and transport the
  same to a foreign country.
• The right to load a plane in a foreign country
  and fly to the airlines country of origin.
• The right to transport passengers, mail, or cargo
  from one foreign country to another foreign
  country beyond the carriers country.

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Chicago Conference

• The British feared that Americans could dominate
  international routes because of our large number
  of planes and pilots.
• The US did have plenty of a/c, but lacked
  international network of air bases.
• The war damaged Britain economy put the US in
  better position for production and contracts

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Chicago Conference

• The Chicago Conference failed to reach
  multilateral agreements on all Five Freedoms.
• 1 2 freedoms The Air Transit Agreement
• 3-5 freedoms The Air Transport Agreement
• Only 12 agreed to all five, stating fear of US or
  British dominance.
• 41 countries accepted the first two.

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Chicago Conference

• The Chicago Conference reached an Interim
  Agreement on International Civil Aviation.
• Created PICAO (Provisional International Civil
  Aviation Organization) in 1945.
• In 1946, the PICAO adopted the US radio and
  navigational aid system as the world standard,
  good for US electronics industry, but
  disappointed the Brits.

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ICAO

• Headquartered in Montreal
• Purposes
• To ensure safety.
• Encourage civil aircraft design.
• Encourage the development of airways, airports,
  and air navigation facilities.
• Promote fair, safe, efficient, and economic
  operation of international airlines.
• ICAO saw the need to standardization to achieve
  these purposes.

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IATA

• April 1945, after the Chicago Conference, reps
  from 44 airlines in 25 countries met in Havana
  and created the International Air Transport
  Association (IATA).
• Focused on air traffic operations
• Conferences to set fares.

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Bermuda Agreement

• Britain and the US resolved differences at the
  Chicago Conference.
• Britain yielded on the frequency of service US
  airlines could offer
• US yielded on the price of fares
• Britain conceded more than the US because
• Britain needed a loan
• Britain need planes
• Britain realized the importance of good relations
  with US.

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Infrastructure

• The Civil Aeronautics Administration (CAA)
• began its first airport construction program in
  1940
• took over airport traffic control in 1941
• and expanded air traffic to airways in 1942

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Infrastructure

• Aviation was the number one industry in the US
  during WW II, but dropped to 12th after the war.
• The industry needed government help, but funding
  was being cut.
• CAA used the designee program to designate
  factory employees, aircraft inspectors, and
  flight instructors.
• Introduced the Technical Standard Order (TSO)
  that allowed manufacturers to certify their own
  parts.

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Infrastructure

• The US agreed to change the existing phonetic
  alphabet in exchange for the ICAO designating
  English as the international language of
  aviation.
• WW II yielded two main landing systems
• GCA (Guided controlled approach)
• ILS (Instrument landing system)

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Infrastructure

• VOR (Very high frequency Omnidirectional Range
  system.
• Replaced the four-course radio ranges, opposed by
  AOPA.
• The Navy, Air Force, and CAA developed
• DME
• Approach/Runway lighting

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General Aviation

• In 1945 alone, the US awarded licenses to over
  250,000 private pilots
• AOPA tried to argue for more GA airport stating
  that the ratio of airliner to small plane was
  1100. That didnt work and allocation of
  airport funds were set to a ratio of 29 small
  fields for every 1 airliner.

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General Aviation

• The port war sale of aircraft boomed, but only
  shortly.
• Owning an airplane was still expensive, AOPA
  objected to new navigational aids because the
  equipment to be bought by pilots was costly.
• One field did boom
• agriculture flights or Crop Dusters

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End of Section A
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Section BCommercial Aviation

• After WW II, commercial aviation worldwide
  experienced a substantial boom. Some historians
  call the increase in passengers and in mile flown
  a transportation revolution. During the postwar
  period, the US emerged as the clear leader of
  international aviation.

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United States Airlines

• BIG FIVE Airlines
• American
• Eastern
• Pan Am
• TWA
• United

• Smaller Airlines
• Continental
• Delta
• Pennsylvania Central
• Northeast

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United States Airlines

• Bigger and better planes emerged
• Airlines competed for speed, distance, and
  service.
• 25 August 1945, Lockheed first flew the
  commercial Model 049 Constellation
• As competition heated up, Pan-Am tried to
  eliminate competition by cutting fares but it
  failed.

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Airways Crisis

• The heavy use of airways by commercial, private,
  and military planes
• By 1955 only
• 353 VORs
• 167 operational DMEs
• A few ASR systems
• No enroute RADAR
• Controllers relied on scribbled notes on vertical
  boards

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Airways Crisis

• To promote safety
• controllers spaced airplanes how far apart???
• 10 minutes apart!!!!
• Margin of safety dropped
• Boeing 707 set speed records (1st passenger jet)
• Douglas built the DC-8
• De Havilland Comet jet entered service.

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Federal Aviation Agency

• 1958
• Congress passes and Pres Eisenhower signs
• Federal Aviation Act
• Creates the Federal Aviation Agency (FAA)
• Independent department within the Executive
  Branch of the government
• Today
• Federal Aviation ADMINISTRATION (FAA)
• Under the DOT within the Executive Branch

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Great Britain Airlines

• Great Britain lagged behind the US
• They have not produced transport planes during
  the war.
• Britain develops the Comet
• 27 January 1949 1st place
• 2 May 1952 became the worlds 1st regular
  passenger jet service.
• 6 Comets crash in 1953-1954
• Britain becomes leader in air accident
  investigation

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Soviet Union Airlines

• After the Comet, the Soviet Tupolev became the
  second jetliner to go into commercial service
• The Tu-104, a derivative of a wartime bomber
• 1st flight 1955
• Entered service with Aeroflot in 1956

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End of Section B