Early Explorations Chapter 6

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Early ExplorationsChapter 6

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Exploration

• The desire for more spices from the east promted
  the Europeans to hunt for quicker routes to the
  east. The Mongols did not allow passage for
  Europeans by the 1300s
• Motivations for exploration
• 1profitable trade with Asia 2. Also to hault the
  expansion of Islam 3. Learning and imagination
  also played a part

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Technology

• Sailors trained in navigation, accurate maps, and
  oceangoing ships were nessary. Sailors used the
  stars to guide their way. Hours glasses told them
  how long they had been traveling. The compass
  also helped with direction.Most maps were
  inaccurate. Cartographers(map makers) Ptolemy a
  map maker introduced the grid system. Also
  multiple mast were used in ship building, A new
  ship called the caravel was created.

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Portugal leads

• Portugal was the first to venture into the
  Atlantic Ocean (deep).Prince Henry the Navigator
  brought map makers mathematicians , and
  astronomers to study navigation. He sent out many
  explorers who discovered many islands.
• Bartholomeau Dias He discovered the southern tip
  of Africa which he named the cape of good hope.
• Vasco da Gama- he sailed arounf the cape and
  traded with India.

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Ferinand Magellan
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Spains desire

• Spain enters the race for riches-1492 Columbus
  sets out to find a short route to the
  Indies.(Short of Columbus Journey p. 214) He
  called the natives Indians.He died in 1506
  certain he had discovered the route to the west
  Indies.
• Amerigo Vespucci-suggest that columbus had
  discovered a new world. The new world was named
  America after Vesp0ucci.
• Spain and Portugal turn to the Pope to settle the
  dispute over the land in the west. He draws up
  the Line of Demarcation-Later the treaty of
  Tordesillas was drawn up to move the line farther
  west so spain could have more land.

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Magellan

• Ferinand Megellan-portuguese sailor with 5 ships
  and 260 crew members. He made his way to the
  southern tip of South America called the strait
  of Magellan.The pacific had already been
  discovered by a man named Vasco de Balboa.
  Magellan named it the Pacific Ocean due to how
  calm it was.Water and food ran short. Magellan
  and his crew made it to the Philippines where he
  was kiled by the natives. The crew left and
  sailed home circumnavigating the world. He also
  proved that the world was round

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Sec 2
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Pedro Alvares

• Portugal was mostly interested with Africa and
  Asia.With the leadership of Pedro Alvares Cabral
  the Portuguese won a battle for the Indian ocean
  defeating the Muslim fleet. Also they set up
  trading ports in China and Japan.Portugal also
  colonized Brazil in S. America.In Brazil they
  grew sugarcane, tobacco, coffee, and
  cotton.Portugal enslaved the natives to help
  harvest the crops.

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Spain

• Conquistadors came to America to serve God by
  saving the natives.Hernan Cortes landed in Mexico
  and met up with the Aztecs and conquered the city
  of Tenochtitlan and the Aztec leader Montezuma II
  The Aztecs thought Cortes was a God named
  Quetzalcoatl. The Spainish defeated the aztecs
  using disease.
• Franciso Pizarro invaded the Incas in PeruPizarro
  defeated their leader Atahualpa and Pizarro
  massacred thousands.
• Spain had two goals to aquire wealth and convert
  the natives, farmers set up plantations and dig
  for Gold

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• The encomienda system was set up which the
  Spainish Monarchs allowed native american slaves
  to be used on plantations.Bartolome de las Casas
  tried to protect the natives but failed.Disease
  killed many natives so africans were brought over
  to take their place.

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Colonies of the Netherlands

• The Dutch won their Independence from SpainThe
  city of Amsterdam became the worlds largets
  commerical city and they had the4 highest living
  standard.The Dutch east India company was set up
  to expand trade with Asia.In 1619 the company set
  up in Java present day Indonesia.The Dutch ended
  up controlling all trade with the spice Islands.
  Henry Hudson claimed the Atlantic coast of N.
  America for the Dutch. Founding New Amsterdam and
  Manhattan.The Dutch also settled in Africa(south)
  they were called Boers.The Dutch were declining
  in power and England became more powerful.

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Colonies of the French and English

• The French sent Giovanni de Verrazano to find the
  northwest passageno luck. Later they sent Jacques
  Cartier he sailed up the St. Lawrence river
• 1608 Samuel da Champlain founded Qubec
• 1673 Missoniaries Jacques Marquette and Louis
  Joliet explored the Mississippi river

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England colonies

• John cabot explored the coast of newfoundland.
  The english settled Jamestown.1620 pilgrims
  establish plymouth in massachusetts. In the north
  family run farms were created and in the South
  slave run farms were created. Governors were
  choosen to govern the colonies by the
  Monarchs.Little desire was given to
  christianizing the natives.Disease and food
  shortage reduced their numbers. Expansion inward
  the English came in contact with the Dutch and
  French.

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Slave Trade

• Triangular Trade Ships left their home ports
  carring Knives, Swords, Guns, cloth, and rum. In
  West Africa they would trade their goods for
  enslaved people.The slaves were brought across
  the Atlantic.Then the slaves were sold and money
  was used to buy molasses Sugar, Cotton and
  Tobacco.and then the ships returned to Europe.

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Middle passage

• This part of the trip took 3,400 miles. If the
  slave surrivesd he or she was sold in America.The
  ships were packed as tightly as possible.and
  chained together.1 in 5 did not survive.Some
  africans committed suscide by jumping over board.

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Sec 3
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Business methods

• Bankers were one form of business that loaned
  money
• Joint stock companies also got involved and
  loaned money for colonization

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Increase in money supply

• More and more money was produced and and the idea
  of profit making came on the scene
• Entrepreneurs were created they combined raw
  materials, ideas, money, and labor to make profit.

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Mercantilism

• This theory was that a states power depended on
  its wealth.
• Nations sought to create a balance of trade by
  exporting more goods than they imported.