Master Gardener Plant Science Unit

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Plant Science
A Unit of the Michigan State University
Extension Master Gardener Curriculum
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Plant Science
Topics

• Plant science
• Plant growth and development
• Plant propagation

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Plant Science
Plant Science

• Botany
• Horticulture
• Agronomy
• Forestry

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Botany Compared to Horticulture
Plant Science

• Cultivated plants
• Ornamentals
• Flowers
• Vegetables
• Fruit

• Plants
• - Physiology
• - Genetics
• - Taxonomy

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Ornamentals -Landscape Horticulture
Plant Science
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Plant Science
Flowers - Floriculture
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Plant Science
Vegetables - Olericulture
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Plant Science
Fruit - Pomology
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Plant Science
Plant Science

• Anatomy - Structure
• Physiology - Function
• Morphology - Shape

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What Is a Plant?
Plant Science

• Living organism
• Contains chlorophyll
• Can manufacture its own food
• Multicellular with rigid cell walls

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Plant Kingdom
Plant Science

• Non-Vascular Plants

• Vascular Plants

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Vascular Plants
Plant Science
Flowering Angiosperms
Non-flowering Gymnosperms
Others
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Plant Science
Angiosperms

• Monocots

• Dicots

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Plant Science
Cotyledons

• Monocots
• One

• Dicots
• Two

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Leaf Venation
Plant Science

• Monocots
• Usually parallel

• Dicots
• Usually net-like

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Plant Science
Flower Parts

• Monocots
• Usually in threes

• Dicots
• Usually four or five

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Plant Science
Vascular System

• Monocots
• Complex arrangement

• Dicots
• Arranged in a ring

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Plant Science
Physiological Differences

• Monocots are not killed by broadleaf herbicides

• Dicots will be killed by broadleaf herbicides

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Response to Herbicides
Plant Science
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Plant Classification
Plant Science

• Family - Rosaceae
• Genus - Rosa
• Specific epithet - hybrida
• Cultivar Nearly Wild

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Common Names
Plant Science

• Goutweed
• Bishops Weed
• Bishops Goutweed
• Snow on the Mountain

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Binomial Nomenclature
Plant Science

• Developed by Carl von Linné in 1753
• Two word name for each plant or animal
• Genus name followed by a descriptive name or
  specific epithet
• Together the two words identify a species

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Plant Science
Binomial Nomenclature
Aegopodium podagraria Variegatum
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Cells Tissues Organs
Plant Science
What Makes Up a Plant?
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Plant Cell
Plant Science
Cell wall
Plasma membrane
Vacuole
Chloroplast
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
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Plant Science
Cells Tissues Organs
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Plant Tissues
Plant Science

• Meristematic
• Dermal
• Vascular

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Plant Science
Meristematic Tissues

• Apical meristem
• Located at the tip of a shoot or root
• Lateral meristem
• Formed in stems and roots of many plants
• Allows plant to grow in diameter
• Vascular cambium is a lateral meristem

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Dermal Tissue
Plant Science

• Epidermis
• Cuticle
• Stomata
• Periderm
• Protective covering
• Lenticels

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Lenticels
Plant Science
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Vascular Tissue
Plant Science

• Xylem
• Conduct water and minerals within the plant
• Phloem
• Move food (carbohydrates) produced by
  photosynthesis to other parts of the plant

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Plant Science
Cells Tissues Organs
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Organ Systems
Plant Science

• Animals
• Digestive
• Circulatory
• Endocrine

• Plants
• Root
• Shoot

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Plant Organs
Plant Science

• Roots
• Stems
• Buds
• Leaves
• Reproductive structures

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Root Functions
Plant Science

• Anchorage
• Absorption
• Storage

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Root Structure
Plant Science
Root Hair
Root Cap
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Root Type
Plant Science
Fibrous
Tap
Tuberous
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Plant Organs
Plant Science

• Roots
• Stems
• Buds
• Leaves
• Reproductive structures

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Stem Function
Plant Science

• Supports buds and leaves
• Provides structure for vascular system

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Plant Science
Stem Structure

• Xylem
• Phloem
• Cambium

Cambium
Xylem
Phloem
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Stem Structure
Plant Science

• Nodes
• Internodes
• Lenticels

Node
Internode
Node
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Stem Type
Plant Science

• Crowns
• Tillers and stolens
• Spurs
• Tubers

• Rhizomes
• Corms
• Bulbs

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Stem Type - Crown
Plant Science
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Stem Type Tillers and Stolens
Plant Science
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Stem Type - Spur
Plant Science
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Stem Type - Tuber
Plant Science
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Stem Type - Rhizome
Plant Science
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Stem Type - Corm
Plant Science
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Stem Type - Bulb
Plant Science
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Plant Science
Stem Type

• Crown
• Tillers and stolens
• Spur
• Tuber

• Rhizome
• Corm
• Bulb
• Adaptations

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Stem Modifications
Plant Science

• Tendrils

• Thorns

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Plant Organs
Plant Science

• Roots
• Stems
• Buds
• Leaves
• Reproductive structures

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Bud Structure
Plant Science
Bud scales
Embryonic leaves
Shoot apex
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Types of Buds
Plant Science

• Leaf bud
• Flower bud
• Terminal bud
• Lateral bud
• Adventitious bud

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Leaf Bud
Plant Science
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Plant Science
Flower Bud
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Plant Science
Lateral and Terminal Buds
Terminal Bud
Lateral Bud
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Plant Science
Adventitious Bud
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Plant Organs
Plant Science

• Roots
• Stems
• Buds
• Leaves
• Reproductive structures

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Leaf Functions
Plant Science

• Absorption
• Protection
• Reproduction

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External Leaf Structure
Plant Science
Leaf
Blade
Petiole
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Plant Science
Internal Leaf Structure
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Plant Science
Leaf Type
Simple
Compound
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Compound Leaves
Plant Science
Palmate
Odd Pinnate
Even Pinnate
(Horse Chestnut)
(Ash)
(Locust)
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Leaf Venation
Plant Science
Parallel
Pinnate
Palmate
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Leaf Shape
Plant Science
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Plant Science
Leaf Margins
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Plant Science
Leaf Arrangement
Whorled
Opposite
Alternate
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Plant Science
Maple

• Type?
• Shape?
• Venation?
• Margin?
• Arrangement?

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Plant Science
Oak

• Type?
• Shape?
• Venation?
• Margin?
• Arrangement?

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Plant Science
Ash

• Type?
• Shape?
• Venation?
• Margin?
• Arrangement?

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Plant Science
Leaf Modifications
Barrel Cactus
White Pine
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Plant Organs
Plant Science

• Roots
• Stems
• Buds
• Leaves
• Reproductive structures

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Reproductive Structures
Plant Science
Flowers
Seeds
Fruits
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Flowers
Plant Science
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Plant Science
Flower Type
Tulip
Queen Annes Lace
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Flower Structure
Plant Science
Corolla
Receptacle
Sepals
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Flower Structure
Plant Science
Anther
Stigma
Style
Filament
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Plant Science
Flower Structure
Stamen
Pistil
Ovary
Ovule
Ovary
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Flower Function
Plant Science

• Pollination
• Wind, water, animals

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Plant Science
Flower Function

• Pollination
• Wind, water, animals
• Fertilization
• Union of the male sperm nucleus from the pollen
  grain and the female egg from the ovary

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Pollination Adaptations
Plant Science

• Self-pollinating
• Cross-pollinating

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Plant Science
Monoecious Plants
Male
Female
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Plant Science
Dioecious Plants
Female
Male
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Reproductive Structures
Plant Science

• Flowers
• Fruits
• Seeds

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Plant Science
Fruit or Vegetable?
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Fruit Structure
Plant Science
Ovary wall (Fleshy part)
Fertilized ovules (seeds)
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Fruit Function
Plant Science

• Protects seeds as they develop
• Keeps seeds moist
• Acts as a dispersal mechanism

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Fruit Types
Plant Science

• Simple
• Apple
• Aggregate
• Raspberry
• Multiple
• Corn

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Reproductive Structures
Plant Science

• Flowers
• Fruits
• Seeds

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Plant Science
Seed Type
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Seed Structure
Plant Science
Monocot
Dicot
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Seed Germination
Plant Science
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Plant Science
Topics

• Plant science
• Plant growth and development
• Plant propagation

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Plant Functions
Plant Science

• Photosynthesis
• Respiration
• Transpiration

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Photosynthesis
Plant Science

• Occurs in cells that contain chloroplasts
• Uses water and carbon dioxide
• Stores energy in the form of sugar
• Occurs in light

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Respiration
Plant Science

• Uses food and oxygen to release energy
• Produces water and carbon dioxide
• Occurs in dark as well as light
• Occurs in all cells

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Transpiration
Plant Science

• Water loss through the stomata
• Moves molecules through the plant
• Cools leaf surfaces and moderates plant
  temperature
• Maintains turgor (firmness)

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Plants Their Environment
Plant Science

• Light
• Temperature
• Water
• Humidity
• Nutrition

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Light
Plant Science

• Quantity (intensity)
• Quality (wave length)
• Duration (photoperiod)

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Plant Science
Light Quantity Varies with

• Time of day
• Latitude
• Time of year
• Cloud density

• Pollution
• Moisture and haze
• Elevation
• Angle of the sun

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Plant Science
Plant Morphology Changes with Light Intensity

• Higher Light
• More leaves
• Shorter internodes
• Leaves more vertical

• Lower Light
• Fewer leaves
• Longer internodes
• Leaves more horizontal

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Plant Science
Plant Anatomy Changes with Light Intensity

• Higher Light
• Thicker leaves
• More cell layers
• More chloroplasts

• Lower Light
• Thinner leaves
• Fewer cell layers
• Fewer chloroplasts

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Plant Science
Tight spacing, low light
Wide spacing, high light
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Light Quality
Plant Science
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Plant Science
Blue Light

• Important for chlorophyll synthesis
• Reduces stem elongation
• Promotes greening of germinating seedlings

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Plant Science
Red Light

• Red light inhibits stem elongation and promotes
  branching
• When combined with blue light encourages
  flowering and fruit set

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Plant Science
Influence of Light Quality on Coreopsis lanceolata
Fluorescent
Incandescent
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Plant Science
Photoperiodic Response

• Short-day plants
• Poinsettia, chrysanthemums
• Long-day plants
• Marigold, Rudbeckia, many vegetables
• Day-neutral plants
• Tomato, impatiens, African violet

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Temperature
Plant Science

• Affects productivity and plant growth
• Cold temperature requirements
• Can be used to manipulate flowering and plant
  height

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Plant Science
Temperature
DIF
DIF
Day cooler than night -DIF shorter plants Day
warmer than night DIF taller plants
DIF
DIF
DT day temperature NT night temperature
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Plant Science
Cooling Duration Influences Flowering
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Plant Genetics
Plant Science
Astilbe chinensis pumila
Astilbe chinensis Superba
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Plant Hormones
Plant Science

• Auxins
• Gibberellins
• Cytokinins
• Ethylene
• Abscisic acid

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Plant Science
Topics

• Plant science
• Plant growth and development
• Plant propagation

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Plant Science
Propagation Techniques

• Seeds or spores
• Division
• Cuttings
• Tissue culture
• Grafting
• Layering

Vegetative propagation
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Plant Life Cycles
Plant Science
Annual
Perennial
Biennial
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Sexual Propagation
Plant Science
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Plant Science
Seed

• Advantages
• Often the easiest and least-expensive method
• Can produce large number of plants readily
• Disadvantages
• May not be reliable or true
• Uniformity in seedlings can be poor

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Divisions
Plant Science

• Rhizomes
• Stolons
• Tubers and tuberous roots
• Bulbs and corms

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Plant Science
Division

• Advantages
• Produces large plants more quickly
• Time to flower is generally shorter
• Plants are identical to the parent
• Disadvantages
• More labor to dig and divide plants
• Diseases and insect problems may be carried from
  the parent plant

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Cuttings
Plant Science

• Hardwood
• Stem cuttings
• Softwood
• Stem cuttings
• Root cuttings
• Leaf cuttings

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Plant Science
Cuttings

• Advantages
• Large numbers of genetically identical plants
• Propagules are generally uniform
• Disadvantages
• Require controlled environments for propagation
• Must have stock or mother plants
• Diseases and viruses may be carried from infected
  plants

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Tissue Culture
Plant Science
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Plant Science
Tissue Culture

• Advantages
• Propagules are generally very uniform
• Thousands of plants from a small amount of tissue
• Less likely to have disease problems
• Disadvantages
• Requires controlled, sterile facilities and
  environments
• Propagation time is long and propagules are often
  expensive

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Grafting
Plant Science
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Grafting
Plant Science

• Advantages
• You can combine attractive features of two plants
• Works well for plants that a difficult to
  propagate in other ways
• Disadvantages
• Scion and root stock must be compatible
• Requires skill

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Layering
Plant Science

• Tip layering
• Air layering

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Layering
Plant Science

• Advantages
• Easy to do
• Doesnt require expensive equipment or expertise
• Disadvantage
• Air layering root formation is slow and may take
  two to three months or longer

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How Would You Propagate?
Plant Science
Hosta
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Plant Science
How Would You Propagate?
Chrysanthemum
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Plant Science
Plant Science
How Would You Propagate?
Crabapple
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Plant Science
How Would You Propagate?
Redosier Dogwood
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Plant Science
How Would You Propagate?
Dieffenbachia
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Plant Science
How Would You Propagate?
Geraniums