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V8
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Semi Automated Bartering of Digital Goods and
Services in Pervasive Environments

• Olga Ratsimor
• Doctoral Research Proposal
• October 25 2005

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Presentation Outline
INTRO

• Introduction
• Thesis Statement
• Motivation
• Proposed Approach
• Research Contributions
• Research Plan TimeLine
• Preliminary Work
• Related Work
• Summary and QA

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Pervasive Computing Vision
INTRO
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Issues Affecting Collaboration
INTRO

• No incentive for collaborations
• Self-interested personal mobile devices have
  limited resources
• Free Rider Problems in Pervasive Environments
• In attempt to conserve its computing resources
  and power, device drops service requests and
  other communications from other devices while
  sending out service discovery requests for its
  own benefit.
• Information Noise Makers and Spammers
• Spamming and other heavy communication services.
• Devices must be capable of filtering out noise
  still being able to collect useful information
  and discover needed services.

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Environmental Limitations
INTRO

• Quality of Services is Unpredictable
• Received goods and services may not be what
  originally was expected.
• Utility function various on perceived context,
  time, location, etc.
• Inefficient Storage of Context Specific Services
  
• Many of the services are very context specific
  and are used only during a particular context.
• When the user changes context, unused services
  continue to take up space and resources on the
  devices.

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Hypothesis Statement
HS

• The Question
• Considering the diversity and the personal nature
  of devices participating in pervasive
  environments, is the current model of altruistic
  ad hoc collaborations still the most effective
  model to motivate collaborations?
• The Hypothesis
• Bartering can be an effective mechanism to
  incentivize devices to collaborate and improve
  the quality of collaborations.
• The Proposed Approach
• Incentive driven collaboration mechanisms
• Communication model based on bartering
• Value based view of electronic goods and services

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Presentation Outline
MOTIV

• Introduction
• Thesis Statement
• Motivation
• Proposed Approach
• Research Contributions
• Research Plan TimeLine
• Preliminary Work
• Related Work
• Summary and QA

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Basic Scenario - 1
MOTIV
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Counter Proposal Scenario - 2
MOTIV
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Relationship Scenario - 3
MOTIV
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Investment Scenario - 4
MOTIV
D2
D1
Has RingTone-B Wants Song-A
D3
D2
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Similarity Scenario 5
MOTIV
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Domain What are Goods
MOTIV

• Digital Goods
• Ring Tones, MP3s, Podcasts, Mobile Games, Screen
  Savers, Wallpaper, Video and Coupons
• Low Cost Items
• Replicable
• Digital Rights Management (DRM)
• transfer of ownership
• Digital Goods are obtained
• for personal use
• to be used as token in future bartering

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Double Coincidence of Wants
MOTIV

• A barter exchange requires a double coincidence
  of wants for trade to take place
• An exchange between two parties can only occur
  if both parties desire what the other is willing
  to give up
• The probability that one person has what the
  other desires is not in our favor.
• Our model relaxes the constraint
• Improves the participation and tolerance levels

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What is Needed?
MOTIV

• We need to develop
• Define and use Bartering protocols that are aware
  of personal relationships between the devices and
  their users perceived value of electronic goods
  and services.
• Valuation of electronic goods and services in
  personalized context conscious manner.

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Presentation Outline

• Introduction
• Thesis Statement
• Motivation
• Proposed Approach
• Research Contributions
• Research Plan TimeLine
• Preliminary Work
• Related Work
• Summary and QA

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Bartering Model

• Context-based, continuous bartering with peers in
  pervasive environments
• In order to barter, one has to understand what
  the items are worth and how much they are worth.
• One also wants to evaluate who s/he is dealing
  with.
• Difference between community and anonymous P2P
  network

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Perceived Value

• Value in Use - is the value of the particular
  electronic good or service for the particular
  user.
• Value in Exchange - reflects the potential value
  of the service against any other service in
  value-for-value exchanges.

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Aspects of Value

• Systemic Value represents the essence of the
  digital goods and services
• Liquidity reflects the ease with which a service
  can be acquired or exchanged for any service
  without a significant loss in value.
• Simplicity and similar value are the key factors.
  
• A service is highly liquid if it can be exchanged
  frequently by many devices for services of a
  similar value.
• Services with higher liquidity index would be in
  greater demand in the computing environment and
  could be used by devices as exchange tokens.

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Aspects of Value

• Context Based Value is the value that describes
  importance of the service or information in a
  particular context.
• Original Cost of the service or information
  reflects resources or money that had to be spent
  to initially acquire the services.
• Historic Value refers to the historic recorded
  value for the service of information.
• Original Value

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Aspects of Value

• Store of Value refers to how consistently can the
  service store its value. Services and information
  value can depreciate or appreciate over time.
• Depreciation over time
• expiration time and date
• limit on replication.
• Appreciation over time
• Memorabilia
• Transaction Cost describes costs involved in
  searching, bargaining and transferring data and
  verifying the correctness and finalization of
  transaction.
• Service Maintenance Cost describes the costs
  associated with keeping the service up to date.
• Frequency of Use Valuation - service that is
  frequently used have greater value

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Aspects of Value

• Attribute Based Valuation attributes of the
  service have a value function that represents the
  importance of the attribute.
• Composability Index () reflects on how many
  other services can a particular service be
  composed with.
• Handy component
• Value in exchange - composability index is
  proportional to the number of the services on in
  the environment that could be composed with a
  particular service.
• Services with high composability index would be
  in greater demand in the computing environment.
• Looking for input on better definition and
  terminology.

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Value in Use
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Value in Exchange
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Relationships

• Exploit relationships between groups of devices
• Self Devices - are personal devices that belong
  to a single user.
• Sibling Devices - are devices of users that are
  very close.

• Friendly Devices - are devices that belong to the
  different users that frequently come in contact
  and collaborate with one another.
• Strangers Devices - are devices that just meet
  and are most likely will never come in contact
  again.
• Siblings and Strangers are special cases of
  friendliness.
• Unfriendly Devices - are devices that are
  actively uncooperative
• Trust could also be used to determine the level
  of cooperation
• Other Social Networks
• Linked In Orkut

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Bartering Protocol

• Each platform has three lists
• pHave list of goods and services that device
  has but keeps private
• iWant list of goods and services that device
  desires and is actively searching for
• iHave list of goods and services that device is
  willing to exchange for other services

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Bartering Protocol

• iWant List and iHave List will contain value
  based descriptions of each goods and services
• Value in Use and Value in Exchange
• Focus Factor how much should the device Focus
  on the service
• focus factor in iWant list represents the
  intensity of the search for the desired good or
  service
• focus factor in iHave List - represents actively
  does the device advertise the presence of the
  good or service.

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Bartering Protocol
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Bartering Protocol
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Contributions
initiator
participant
Counter Proposal RPL
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Contributions

• Bartering Reasoner that answers the following
  questions
• What do I want, what do I offer ? (not
  interested)
• Who do I want to barter with?
• What do I offer in return?
• What do I offer them? (Whats the offer?)
• Do I accept, Do I reject, or Do I
  counter-propose?
• Do we have a deal?

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Contributions

• Development of value based descriptions for
  electronic goods and services.
• Development and implementation of a framework
  that employs and manages valuations.
• Development and implementation of bartering
  protocols / strategies that take
• Relationships-Based Bartering
• Service Attribute Bartering
• Demonstration of P2P environment that
  incentivizes collaboration.

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Presentation Outline
PLAN

• Introduction
• Motivation
• Proposed Approach
• Research Contributions
• Research Plan TimeLine
• Preliminary Work
• Related Work
• Summary and QA

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Tasks
PLAN

• Value based descriptions for services and
  electronic goods
• Management component that employs these
  descriptions
• Bartering support engine
• Bartering protocols and strategies.
• Analysis of effectiveness of these protocols and
  strategies
• Incorporate and study effects of DRM
• Demonstration of P2P environment that
  incentivizes collaboration
• Analysis and Evaluation

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Time Table
PLAN
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Presentation Outline
PW

• Introduction
• Motivation
• Proposed Approach
• Research Contributions
• Research Plan TimeLine
• Preliminary Work
• Related Work
• Summary and QA

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Preliminary Work
PW

• Allia - Policy-Based Alliance Formation for
  Agents in Ad-Hoc Environments
• Agents2Go - An Infrastructure for
  Location-Dependent Service Discovery in The
  Mobile Electronic Commerce Environment
• Numi - Using Peer-to-Peer Data Routing for
  Infrastructure-Based Wireless Networks
• eNcentive - A Framework for Intelligent Marketing
  in Mobile Peer-To-Peer Environments
• eNcentive TrueBahn - mCommerce and Trust

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Preliminary Work Publications
PW

• Sethuram Balaji Kodeswaran, Olga Ratsimor, Anupam
  Joshi, Timothy Finin, Yelena Yesha, Numi A
  Framework for Collaborative Data Management in a
  Network of InfoStations, UMBC SRC, November 2002
• Olga Ratsimor, Dipanjan Chakraborty, Sovrin
  Tolia, Deepali Kushraj, Anugeetha Kunjithapatham,
  Gaurav Gupta, Anupam Joshi, Timothy Finin, Allia
  Alliance-based Service Discovery for Ad-Hoc
  Environments, Paper, ACM Mobile Commerce
  Workshop, September, 2002.
• Tim Finin, Anupam Joshi, Lalana Kagal, Olga
  Ratsimor, Sasikanth Avancha, Vlad Korolev, Harry
  Chen, Filip Perich, R. Scott Cost, Intelligent
  Agents for Mobile and Embedded Devices,
  International Journal on CooperativeInformation
  Systems, 2002.
• Timothy Finin, Anupam Joshi, Lalana Kagal, Olga
  Ratsimor, Vlad Korolev, and Harry Chen,
  Information Agents for Mobile and Embedded
  Devices, Paper, Fifth International Workshop
  Cooperative Information Agents, Modena, Italy,
  September, 2001.
• Olga Ratsimor, Vladimir Korolev, Anupam Joshi,
  and Timothy Finin,Agents2Go An Infrastructure
  for Location-Dependent Service Discovery in the
  Mobile Electronic Commerce Environment,Paper,
  ACM Mobile Commerce Workshop, July, 2001.

• Olga Ratsimor, Anupam Joshi, Timothy Finin,
  Yelena Yesha,  eNcentive A Framework for
  Intelligent Marketing in Mobile Peer-To-Peer
  Environments, The 5th International Conference on
  Electronic Commerce (ICEC), October 2003
• Olga Ratsimor, Anupam Joshi, Timothy Finin,
  Yelena Yesha,  Intelligent Ad Hoc Marketing
  within Hotspot Networks, Technical Report, Nov
  2003
• Olga Ratsimor, Dipanjan Chakraborty, Deepali
  Khushraj, Anugeetha Kunjithapatham, Anupam Joshi,
  Timothy Finin, Yelena Yesha Service Discovery in
  Agent-based Pervasive Computing Environments,
  Journal on Mobile Networking and Applications
  (MONET), Special issue on Mobile and Pervasive
  Commerce. 2003.
• Sethuram Balaji Kodeswaran, Olga Ratsimor, Anupam
  Joshi, Timothy Finin, Yelena Yesha, Using
  Peer-to-Peer Data Routing for Infrastructure-based
  Wireless Networks , IEEE International
  Conference on Pervasive Computing and
  Communications (PerCom), March 2003.
• Olga Ratsimor, Sethuram Balaji Kodeswaran, Anupam
  Joshi, Timothy Finin, Yelena Yesha, Combining
  Infrastructure and Ad hoc Collaboration For Data
  Management in Mobile Wireless Networks, Workshop
  on "Ad hoc Communications and Collaboration in
  Ubiquitous Computing Environments", November
  2002.

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Agents2Go
PW

• Location dependent services discovery
• Location dependent information retrieval
• Distributed services
• Service information is distributed and grouped by
  regions.
• Information about the restaurant is stored
  locally.
• Automatic location detection
• Cell tower ids are mapped to the geographical
  region name.
• Service provider representation
• Service Agents reside at the service provider
  locations.
• Restaurant Agents reside at the restaurant
  locations.

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Numi
PW

• Landing Zones are islands of high speed cheap
  connectivity around a Service Portal limited only
  by that portals wireless range
• Transit Zones are regions where there is no
  network connection
• In Landing Zones, mobile hosts communicate with
  service portals only
• In Transit Zones, mobile hosts communicate with
  each other

Landing Zone
Transit Zone
Landing Zone
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eNcentive
PW

• eNcentive is a framework that facilitates peer
  to peer mobile marketing in pervasive
  environments
• Mobile users collect promotions, advertisements,
  coupons and other discount information
• User preferences effect adds collection and
  distribution
• Mobile users market that information to other
  users in the network
• Active distributors are rewarded
• Incentives for distribution are proportional to
  the amount of advertisements effectively
  distributed by the user
• Wide choice of Reward Models

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Mobility Coordinator
PW
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eNcentive PDA Interface
PW
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eNcentive TrueBahn
PW

• Trust based mobile shopping
• Mobile users are divided into tow groups
• Kids and Adults
• Groups are interlined
• Kids have a circle of friends that can grow and
  shrink
• Adults have circle of other Adults that they
  trust. The circle can grow and shrink.
• Kids can shop for items that thy have been
  authorized to buy
• If there is a new item on the wish list then kids
  need to find an Adult form their trust network to
  give them authorization.

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Allia
PW

• Peer-to-peer caching of service information from
  neighboring nodes
• An Alliance of a particular node is a set of
  nodes whose local service information is cached
  by this node.
• Policy-based advertising, caching and Alliance
  formation
• Each node runs a lightweight version of mandatory
  FIPA platform components
• A Policy Manager controlled the behavior of the
  platform.
• Restrict platform functionality in respect to
  device capability
• Specify priorities among services and sharing of
  available resources among services
• Specifying advertisement and request message
  forwarding algorithms
• Specify security restrictions like access rights
  and credential verification
• Specify application specific preferences
• Specify caching preferences
• Specifying advertisement preferences
• Specify personal user preferences

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Presentation Outline
RW

• Introduction
• Motivation
• Proposed Approach
• Research Contributions
• Research Plan TimeLine
• Preliminary Work
• Related Work
• Summary and QA

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Related Work
RW

• Context-aware Computing
• P2P File Sharing
• Mobile P2PSystems
• mCommerce
• Electronic Goods and Services

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Context-aware Computing
RW

• Ambient Services
• l-commerece marketplace
• Context Mediation
• Valuation of context information
• myCampus
• eWallet manages users context
• Personal resources are modeled as semantic web
  services
• Context management includes privacy management

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P2P File Sharing
RW

• Mojo Nation
• Internal currency call Mojo was used to
  purchasing files from other peers
• Users could earned Mojo currency through sharing
  their disk space, processing power, bandwidth
• Central bank cleared transactions
• Karma - Economic Framework for P2P Resource
  Sharing
• Internal currency called Karma
• Karma used a secure exchange mechanism to prevent
  counterfeiting of Karma currency
• Framework used anti-inflation deflation mechanism
  to regulates currency in the system.
• Framework used peer-to-peer scheme for tracking
  currency transfers

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Mobile P2P Computing
RW

• Infostations
• any time, anywhere connectivity
• data hoarding in mobile environments
• Proem Wearable Computing
• Wearable communities
• Augmenting face to face interactions
• personal digital sphere
• Mogatu - Serendipitous Query Routing and
  Processing
• Personal user profiles
• Caching and replication algorithms

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mCommerece
RW

• EasiShop
• Cross merchant product comparison shopping
• Shopping mobile agent
• Market Place is a meeting point of shopping and
  retailer agents
• iClouds
• Mobile Advertising
• Anonymous bonus points
• iHave and iWant List

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Summary
Semi Automated Bartering of Digital Goods and
Services in Pervasive Environments
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QA

• QA
• Thank You.

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Backup Slides
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Value in Use

• Value of the service for internal use of the
  device is tied to a set of factors.
• Systemic Value core function of the service
• Frequency of Use Valuation
• Contextually Based Value importance particular
  context
• Attribute Based Valuation
• Maintenance Costs
• Store of Value degradation or appreciation

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Value in Exchange

• Service value in exchange is mainly related to
  the environmental factors.
• Liquidity - simplicity and similar value during
  exchange
• Transaction Costs
• Service Maintenance Costs
• Store of Value
• Composability

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Motivation - Scenario 1

• D1 is interested in acquiring Song-A.
• D1 discovers that D2 and D3 are the devices that
  could potentially offer the song.
• D1 contacts D2 and proposes an exchange of Song-A
  for a RingTone-B.
• D2 responds with a rejection. D2 is not
  interested in ring tones.
• D1 contacts D3 with same proposal.
• D3 is interested in RingTone-B that D1 offers.
• D3 responds with a positive reply.
• D1 and D3 conduct a transaction and exchange
  Song-A and RingTone-B.

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Motivation - Scenario 2
D3

• D2 is interested in acquiring ScreenSaver-A.
• D2 discovers that D5 is only device that has
  ScreenSaver-A.
• D2 sends a proposal that lists a set of choices
  that D5 can have in exchange for ScreenSaver-A.
• Choice-A Wallpaper-A
• Choice-B Song-A
• Choice-C RingTone-B
• Choice-D RingTone-C
• D5 sends a counter proposal. ScreenSaver-A for
  two ring tones, RingTone-B and C.
• D2 agrees.
• D2 and D5 conduct a transaction and exchange
  ScreenSaver-A for RingTone-B and C.

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Motivation - Scenario 3
D3
D4
Has Map-A, RingTone-A,C Wants RingTone-B

• D2 and device D4 are owned by two sisters (that
  like each other).
• Both devices are aware of this relationship.
• D4 is interested in acquiring RingTone-B.
• D4, by default, will prefer to barter with the
  sibling device even though D1 and D3 have this
  ring tone
• D4 composes proposal requesting RingTone-B
• in exchange offering either Map-A or a RingTone-A
  or C.
• D2 is not interested in maps or ring tones.
• D2 is looking for Wallpaper-B which D4 does not
  have.
• D2, instead of sending a rejection to D4,
  considers the relationship and offers D4 much
  desired RingTone-B with out anything in return.

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Motivation - Scenario 4
D2
D1
Has RingTone-B Wants Song-A
D3
D2

• D1 is interested in acquiring RingTone-B. D1
  discovers that D2 has RingTone-B.
• Unfortunately, D2 is not personally interested in
  RingTone-A that D1 is offering in return.
• D2 identify that RingTone-A is in grate demand by
  other devices.
• D2 looks at RingTone-A as an investment that
  could be later cashed out.
• D2 accepts the proposal from D1 and exchanges
  RingTone-B for RingTone-A.
• At a later time, D2 meets D3.
• D2 identifies that D3 has Song-A
• D2 composes a counter proposal to exchange of
  Song-A for RingTone-A or a RingTone-B.
• D3 responds with counter proposal suggesting to
  exchange Song-A for the two ring tones.
• D2 agrees to D3s counter proposal.

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Motivation - Scenario 5
D2
D1
Has RingTone-A Length
10sec Type monophonic
Styledance RingTone-C
Length 5sec Type
polyphonic Styledance Wants
Song- Performer
singer-A
Has Song-A Titletitle-A
Performer singer-A
Stylepop Wants RingTone- Type
polyphonic Length gt 8sec
D2
D1

• D1 is interested in acquiring Song-B which is not
  available in the environment.
• D2 is searching for RingTone-B which is also
  unavailable.
• D1 and D2 could keep looking for a perfect match
  or could look for similar services.
• D1 identifies that the most important feature of
  the song was a performer, Singer-A.
• D2 determines that is interested in polyphonic
  ring tones that are longer then 8 sec.
• D1 discovers that D2 has a Song-A performed by
  Singer-A.
• D1 composes a proposal to exchange RingTone-A or
  RingTone-C for the Song-A.
• D2 determines that nether RingTone-A or
  RingTone-C match all of the attributes
• D2 decides to farther relax its requirements and
  ignore the length of the ring.
• D2 accepts the proposal from D1. D1 and D2
  exchange Song-A and RingTone-C.

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N-way Exchange

• D1, D2 and D3 in the environment.
• D1 is interested in acquiring RingTone-B form D2.
  
• D2 is interested in acquiring RingTone-C from D3.
  
• D3 is interested in acquiring RingTone-A.

• Approach A
• D1 discovers the chain/loop composes a proposal
  that is forwarded to D2 and D3.
• D2 and D3 generate responses and forward them to
  the rest of the chain/loop.
• Once the consensus is reached devices exchange
  the ring tone.

• Approach B
• D1 determines that there is a demand for
  RingTone-C.
• D1 acquires RingTone-C from D3 as an investment
  for future use.
• D1 later caches out its investment and resells
  RingTone-C to D2.

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Allia Protocols

• Request Protocol
• Requester
• Check DF if the service is local
• Check Local Cache if there is a hint
• Multicast or Broadcast the request
• Receiver
• Decide if to accept the request
• Check DF if the service is local
• Check Local Cache if there is a hint

• Advertisement Exchange Protocol
• Advertiser
• Send advertisement
• Receiver
• Decide if to accept the advertisement
• Decide if to cache the advertisement
• Decide if to forward the advertisement to there
  nodes

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Numi Framework

• Heartbeat Generator Agent is responsible for
  broadcasting device presence messages
• Location Monitor Agent is responsible for
  identifying whether or not that device is
  currently in a landing zone or a transit zone
• Message Handler Agent is responsible for handling
  the messaging needs of the framework
• Logger Agent records every interaction that takes
  place on the local device
• Task Scheduler Agent is responsible for
  scheduling prescribed tasks at various times
• Data Handler Agent is used for transferring data
  volumes between MHs and between an MH and an SP
• Portal Service Agents run on top of our Numi
  platform on SPs and offer services to a user
• Node Service Agent runs within NUMI on an MH
  offering a service to the user
• Service Manager Agent is responsible for managing
  service agents on a platform

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Reward Interface
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eNcentive
Animated Slide
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Numi Usage Scenario
Animated Slide
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eNcentive Location Targeting
Animated Slide
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