Principles of Information Systems Eighth Edition

1
Principles of Information SystemsEighth Edition

• Systems Development
• Life Cycle and
• IS Stakeholders

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Principles and Learning Objectives

• Effective systems development requires a team
  effort from users, managers, systems development
  specialists, and various support personnel, and
  it starts with careful planning
• Identify who are the stakeholders in the IS
  development process and discuss their roles

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Principles and Learning Objectives (continued)

• Systems development often uses tools to select,
  implement, and monitor projects, including net
  present value (NPV), prototyping, rapid
  application development, CASE tools, and
  object-oriented development
• Discuss the key features, advantages, and
  disadvantages of the traditional, prototyping,
  rapid application development, and end-user
  systems development life cycles

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Why Learn About Systems Development?

• Important to learn how to
• Initiate systems development process
• Analyze your needs with help of IS personnel
• Learn how a project can be
• Planned
• Aligned with corporate goals
• Rapidly developed

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Why Learn About IS Stakeholders?

• The IS stakeholders - Individual/group of
  individual who are involved directly or
  indirectly in development and use of the IS.
• Indentifying the stakeholders support IS
  planning to successfully develop and implement a
  particular IS or to improve the IS acceptance.
• Each stakeholders use IS for different purpose,
  the IS should be developed based on their
  requirements useful and fully utilize

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An Overview of Systems Development

• Today, IS stakeholders are involved in IS
  development
• Avoid costly failures of system development
  projects by understanding the process based on
  the IS stakeholders perspective
• What is system development? - activity of
  creating new or modifying existing IS

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Participants in IS Development

• The IS stakeholders
• Users who will interact with the system
  regularly employees, suppliers, managers
• Management responsible in approving the IS
  development
• IS professional
• Systems analysts professional who specializes
  in analyzing and designing business system,
  important role sees the system in total
• Programmers specialist who responsible for
  modifying or developing programs
• Support personnel technical specialist e.g. db
  and telecommunication experts, hardware engineers.

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Participants in Systems Development (continued)
Figure 12.1 Role of the Systems Analyst
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Initiating Systems Development

• Systems development initiatives
• Arise from all levels of an organization both
  planned and unplanned
• Number of reasons for initiating systems
  development projects
• Infrastructure protection, mergers, acquisitions,
  federal regulations, etc.

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Initiating Systems Development
Figure 12.2 Typical Reasons to Initiate a
Systems Development Project
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Systems Development Life Cycles

• Activities associated with systems development
  life cycle (SDLC) are ongoing
• IS is built gt installed -gt accepted -gt
  maintained -gt reviewed -gt improvement -gt IS
  re-build -gt
• The later in the SDLC an error is detected, the
  more expensive it is to correct
• Previous phases must be reworked
• More people are affected

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Systems Development Life Cycles (continued)

• Common types of systems development life cycles
• Traditional
• Prototyping
• Rapid application development (RAD)
• End-user development

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The Traditional Systems Development Life Cycle
Figure 12.6 The Traditional Systems Development
Life Cycle
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The Traditional Systems Development Life Cycle
(continued)

• Systems investigation identifies problems and
  opportunities and considers them in light of
  business goals
• Systems analysis studies existing systems and
  work processes to identify strengths, weaknesses,
  and opportunities for improvement
• Systems design defines how the information
  system will do what it must do to obtain the
  problems solution

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The Traditional Systems Development Life Cycle
(continued)

• Systems implementation creates or acquires
  various system components detailed in systems
  design, assembles them, and places new or
  modified system into operation
• Systems maintenance and review ensures the
  system operates as intended and modifies the
  system so that it continues to meet changing
  business needs

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Types of SDLC

• Prototyping an iterative/repeating approach to
  system development
• Users encourage to try the prototype and provide
  feedback
• Rapid application development (RAD) employs
  tools, techniques, and methodologies designed to
  speed application development.
• Vendors IBM (Rational Rapid Developer, Joint
  Application Development-JAD)
• JAD a process of data collection and
  requirement analysis in which all the IS
  stakeholder work together to analyze existing
  system, propose possible solution, define
  requirement of new or modified system

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Prototyping (continued)
Figure 12.7 Prototyping
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Types of SDLC

• End-user development system development that
  the primary effort is undertaken by a combination
  of business managers and users.
• Many end users today are already demonstrating
  their system development capability by designing
  and implementing their own PC-based system

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Outsourcing and On-Demand Computing

• Reduces costs employees, equipment and systems
• Obtains state-of-the-art/updated/current
  technology
• Eliminates staffing and personnel problems
• Increases technological flexibility

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Outsourcing and On-Demand Computing (continued)
Table 12.4 When to Use Outsourcing for Systems
Development
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Factors Affecting Systems Development Success

• Successful systems development delivers a system
  that meets user and organizational needson time
  and within budget
• Factors
• Involvement of stakeholders
• Top management support
• Degree of change minor enhancements or major
  reengineering
• Quality of project planning use of project
  management tools Gantt chart
• Use of project management and CASE tools
• Object-oriented systems development

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Example Stakeholders in Electronic Patient File
(Hospital IS)
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Summary

• The IS stakeholders - Individual/group of
  individual who are involved directly or
  indirectly in development and use of the IS.
• System development - activity of creating new or
  modifying existing IS.
• Aligning organizational goals and IS goals is
  critical for any successful systems development
  effort
• Common systems development life cycles
  traditional, prototyping, rapid application
  development (RAD), and end-user development

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Summary (continued)

• Phases of traditional systems development life
  cycle systems investigation, systems analysis,
  systems design, systems implementation, and
  systems maintenance and review
• Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE) tools
  automate many tasks required in a systems
  development effort and enforce adherence to SDLC
• Object-oriented systems development combines the
  logic of systems development life cycle with the
  power of object-oriented modeling and programming