1501 Lifespan development

1
1501 Life-span development

• Means of study longitudinal/cross-sectional
• Development occurs toward differentiation
• few to many
• simple to complex
• general to specialized
• homogeneous to diverse

2

• Nature to nurture controversy
• Maturation
• any relatively permanent change as the result of
  internal prompted processes, without regard to
  environment or personal experience.

3
Piaget and Vygotsky

• Jean Piaget
• Development depends on
• organization
• adaptation
• assimilation
• accommodation

4

• Stages
• Sensorimotor
• spans from birth to 2 years of age
• the focus is on concrete actions
• development of object permanence
• the beginning development of symbolic play

5

• Cont stages
• Preoperational
• spans 2 to 7 years of age
• the focus is on the missing abilities
• egocentrism
• centration
• irreversibility
• Concrete operational
• spans 7 to 11 years of age
• focus on decentration, reversibility, seriation

6

• Cont stages
• Formal operational
• spans 12 years and up
• focuses on
• abstract thinking
• systematic thinking
• logical and reflective thinking
• Evaluate Piaget

7
The theory of Leo Vygotsky

• Social influence is more important than
  biological influences.
• Cognitive development occurs through
  internalization, whereby individuals absorb
  knowledge from their social context.

8
Cont. theory of Vygotsky

• Develop intelligence within a zone of proximal
  development (ZPD), the range of ability between a
  childs developed, observable level of ability
  and the childs full level, potentially hidden.
• In summary, Piaget emphasized maturation(nature),
  while Vygotsky emphasized learning (nurture).

9
Physical Development

• Pre-natal development
• 3 stages
• germinal
• embryonic
• fetal
• Teratogens

10
Cont. physical development

• Newborn Development
• The newborn prefers
• to look at human faces
• listen to the human voice
• the most fully developed sense is touch
• motor reflexes automatic behavior necessary for
  survival
• cephlocaudal (head to toe) See milestones in
  chart, pg. 313.

11
Emotional development

• Attachment
• Not insananeous
• Begins around 6 to 8 months
• Peaks at 14 to 18 months
• Tapers and is usually resolved around 30 months.

12

• 3 Theories of attachment
• Reinforcement theory
• Harry and Margaret Harlow
• Biological
• John Bowlby
• Social
• Mary Ainsworths strange situation

13

• 3 types of personality
• secure attachment
• ambivalent attachment
• avoidant attachment
• Strength of attachment effects emotional
  development. Secure attachment results in
  obedient, persistent, curious, independent
  children.

14
Childhood

• Socioemotional Development
• Erikson
• Trust vs. Mistrust
• Birth to 1 year of age
• Dependent for biological needs
• Autonomy vs Shame/doubt
• 1 to 3 years of age
• Toilet training and other regulating behavior.

15

• Initiative vs Guilt
• 3 to 6 years of age
• social function within the family
• Industry vs Inferiority
• 6 to puberty
• social function outside the family
• Identity vs role confusion
• adolescence
• try to figure out who they are

16

• Intimacy vs isolation
• young adult
• develop loving intimate relationships
• Generativity vs stagnation
• middle adult
• work and prepare for the next generation
• Integrity vs despair
• late adulthood
• reflection on life

17
Gender development

• 2-3 no gender constancy
• 4-5 gender identity
• Gender socialization
• learn gender norms of culture
• Gender schema
• knowledge, beliefs, expectations about gender
  roles.

18
Interpersonal relationships

• Follows ability to consider anothers point of
  view.

19
Adolescence Development

• Physical development
• Puberty
• Cognitive development
• Inductive reasoning
• Observing specifics and making hypotheses
• Deductive reasoning
• Taking general principles and applying to
  specific instances.

20

• Personal fable
• Destined to fame or fortune
• Invincibility fallacy
• Not subject to the same risks as everyone else.

21

• Socioemotional development
• Identity crisis
• Imaginary audience
• They feel they are the constant object of the
  thoughts, judgments, and observations of other
  people.

22

• Moral Development by L. Kohlberg
• Preconventional
• Acts are right/wrong because they are
  punished/rewarded
• Conventional
• Rules are necessary for social order
• Postconventional
• Personal code of ethics
• For most, depend on situation and will regress
  when necessary.

23

• Cont. Moral development
• Carol Gilligan
• Justice vs compassion.

24
Adult Development

• Cognitive development
• Slower processes
• IQ remains stable through adulthood with a slight
  decline after 60 years of age and a more rapid
  decline a few years before death primarily due to
  health problems.
• Even though the thinking processes may slow, the
  decline is balanced by stabilization and even
  advancement of well-practiced mental functioning.

25

• Important milestones
• Social clock
• Long-term relationships/marriage
• Validating marriage
• Compromise and calmly resolve conflict
• Conflict-avoiding marriage
• agree to disagree and avoid conflict
• Volatile marriages
• frequent conflicts

26

• What destroys a marriage
• Attacking a partners character, rather than
  behavior
• Being defensive
• Failing to respond to the needs of the partner

27

• Career/stages
• Exploration search for a career
• Establishment begins to be identified with a
  particular career
• Mid-career established in career
• Late-career fully established and may even be a
  mentor.

28

• Mid-life crisis
• Retirement

29
Language Development

• 0-6 month crying
• Motherese
• 6-10 month phonemes
• 10-13 month morphomes
• 13-18 month 3-50 words
• overextention
• 18-2y begin to put 2-3 words together -
• telegraphic
• 18m-6y 8000-14000 words
• overregularization