Title: The Amish
1The Amish
Fig. 1 Working the fields
- Be not conformed to this world, but be
transformed by the renewing of your mind that ye
may prove what is good and acceptable and the
perfect will of God." (Romans 122)
2Be not conformed
- The Amish society has little, if any, desire to
participate in our modern world, doing so only
when necessary. However, because of songs such
Amish Paradise, movies such as Witness, and
the huge Amish tourist industry, each Amish
person accounts for 30,000 dollars per year in
tourist revenue (Kraybill 327), most of us know
some basic facts about the Amish.
3- For example, we know that they are very religious
people. - We know that they dress in a particular way with
clothes that look old-fashioned to us. The Amish
refer to this mode of dress, and living, as
plain.
Fig. 2 Amish Youths
4- We know they do not use electricity or drive
cars. - We know that they do not like to have their
picture taken.
Fig. 3 Amish, Intercourse Pennsylvania
5- We know they tend to live in certain areas of the
country, such as Pennsylvania and Ohio. - And, we know that family plays an extremely
important role in their culture.
Fig. 4 Amish Family
6- But beyond these basic facts, the Amish
remain a mystery to most of us and questions
still remain such as - Why can the children use roller blades but not
bicycles? - Why will the Amish ride in cars but not own nor
drive them? - Why can they use calculators but not computers?
- And, is it true that some of the Amish have
adopted some items from our modern world, such as
computers and televisions?
7- Hopefully, by examining their history and
culture in more depth, these questions may be
answered and a greater understanding of the Amish
gained.
8Historical Background of the Amish
- In 1517, Martin Luther led the Protestant
Reformation and the breaking away from the
Catholic Church. - In 1525, several followers of a Swiss pastor,
Ulrich Zwingli, grew impatient with the pace of
reformation and started their own reformation
within the Protestant church.
9- The leaders of this group included Georg
Blaurock, Conrad Grebel, and Felix Manz. - In a secret ceremony, they illegally baptized
each other and began what is often referred to as
the Radical Reformation. Because everyone in the
group had been baptized already as infants in the
church, either Catholic or Protestant, they
became know as the Anabaptists, which means
rebaptizers.
10- These men held beliefs that differed from the
mainline Protestant doctrine. - They believed that only adults willing to live a
life of radical obedience to the teachings of
Jesus Christ should be baptized (Kraybill 4).
Consequently, their group refused to baptize
infants. - They also believed that government should not be
involved with religion, that it had no authority
within the church, and that the Bible was the
only authority the church should obey. They also
declared themselves to be pacifists.
11- Other core beliefs included
- The church as a covenant community
- Exclusion of errant members from communion
- Literal obedience to the teachings of Christ
- Refusal to swear oaths
- Rejection of violence
- Social separation from the evil world (Kraybill
6).
12- Their beliefs brought them into direct conflict
with civil and church authorities. They were
viewed as a political threat as they questioned
the historical interaction of civil government
and the church. - Their refusal to baptize infants defied
government orders that all infants be baptized.
This was done as a way to confer citizenship,
maintain tax rolls, and provide a list of
potential military recruits. - Neither the church nor the government was going
to allow this group to question their authority,
and persecutions began almost immediately.
13- Less than five months after they had rebaptized
themselves, a member of the Anabaptists was
executed for sedition against the government.
Fig. 5 Anabaptist being burned at the stake
14- Despite the persecutions, the movement grew and
spread throughout Sweden, the Netherlands, and
Germany. - However, the persecutions also continued and
increased. Over the next two centuries, thousands
of Anabaptists would be killed for their
religious beliefs. Special hunters would even
be trained to seek them out, torture, and kill
them (Kraybill 4).
15- The persecutions continued in various forms and
gradually subsided in the 18th century. By then,
thousands of Anabaptists had sought refuge in
other countries, including America. - Today the stories of the early days of the Amish
religion are contained in the Martyrs Mirror,
originally printed in 1660. The Martyrs Mirror
is one of the Amishs most beloved books from
which they draw strength to continue in their
faith and beliefs.
16Fig. 6 Compassion for the enemy
- Among the stories is one of an Anabaptist
named Dirk Williams. He was being chased by a
sheriff when the sheriff fell through the ice.
Williams heard the mans cries for help, turned
back and pulled him from the ice, thus saving his
life. The sheriff promptly arrested Williams, and
he was burnt at the stake in 1569.
17- Another Anabaptist, Michael Sattler, was
sentenced to be delivered to the executioner,
who shall cut out his tongue, then throw him upon
a wagon, and tear his body twice with red-hot
tongs and after he has been brought without the
gate, he shall be pinched five times in the same
manner (Igou 26). After the torture, Sattler was
burned at the stake.
18- In 1537, a former Catholic by the name of Menno
Simons joined the Anabaptists. His followers
would come to be known as Mennonites and some of
them would later settle in the Alsace region of
modern-day France. One of these men would be
Jakob Amman, who, in the 1690s, began to have
problems with Mennonite and Anabaptist doctrine.
19- The church had drifted from many of its original
ways, Amman declared, becoming too lenient in the
process. He called for reform and renewal within
the Mennonite and the Anabaptist church. - Some of the problems he had with the church
revolved around communion. Amman thought that
communion should be held twice a year instead of
the annual service that was then being held. He
also contended that foot washing should be part
of the communion service something the
Mennonites had drifted away from.
20- He also disagreed with the manner of
excommunication of those who disobeyed church
doctrine. Amman argued that not only should they
be cast out of the church, but they should also
be shunned in social circles as well, with true
believers breaking off all contact with them. - Amman began to have open disagreements with the
Swiss Anabaptist bishop, Hans Reist. These
disagreements came to a head the day that Amman
and his followers excommunicated Reist and other
leaders of the church.
21- Despite later efforts to heal this breach, the
damage had been done and Ammans followers split
from the Mennonite church in 1693. They would
later come to be known as Amish, named after
Jakob Amman. - After the split, Amman followers adopted their
own doctrine that included, among other things,
prohibitions against trimming of beards,
fashionable dress, and the use of buttons.
Ammans followers would forgo the use of buttons,
utilizing hook and eyes instead. They often
referred to the Mennonite church they had left as
the button people.
22The Amish Today Day to Day Living
- Today, the Amish order their communities around
three basic components settlement, district, and
affiliation.
Fig. 7 Old Order Amish Couple circa 1940
23- The settlement consists of the Amish families who
live within a geographical area. These
settlements range in size from a few families to
several thousand people. One such settlement is
in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. The settlement
may have non-Amish, or English homes scattered
amongst the Amish homes, but towards the center
of the settlement, it will be almost exclusively
Amish homes and farms. In some areas, the Amish
may own up to 90 of the farmland within their
settlement area.
24- The district refers to the church district, the
basic organizational unit within the Amish
society. The district typically consists of
approximately twenty-five to thirty-five families
living in close proximately to each other. Church
services are held in homes, so houses in the
district need to be large enough to accommodate
all families with the district. When the district
becomes too large, a new district is formed. In
Lancaster County, four or five new districts are
formed every year.
25- An affiliation is a cluster of Amish
congregations in spiritual fellowship with each
other. Congregations, or districts, within each
affiliation will follow similar religious and
social practices, cooperating with each other to
survive. The Old Order Amish of Lancaster County
is one such affiliation. However, there are also
New Order Amish affiliations and the Beachy Amish
affiliation, who are more progressive and thus,
outside of the Old Order affiliation because of
their views on religious and social issues.
26- There are over 1, 300 districts scattered
throughout America and Canada today, with a total
population around 180,000. - Of the 250 settlements, 70 were founded after
1960. - The largest settlement is in Ohio and contains
more than 150 districts.
27Old Order Amish
- It is the picture of the Old Order Amish with
their plain clothes and buggies that comes to
most peoples mind when they think Amish. - The Old Order Amish today have deviated little
from the regulations established by Jakob Amman
over 300 years ago.
Fig. 8 Old Order Amish at a horse auction
28- They still dress plain, do not use electricity,
do not own or drive cars, do not have telephones
in their homes, and forbid the use of most modern
farm equipment, including air-filled tires. - In an Old Order Amish home, all lighting is
supplied by candle or oil and gas lamp.
Bottle-gas appliances are acceptable under the
Ordnung. The Ordnung, a verbal standard that the
Amish live by, will be discussed in detail later.
29Fig. 9 Old Order Amish with farm equipment
- However, look inside an Old Order Amish cow barn
and you will find a modern automated milking
system with refrigerated tanks. Because the Amish
must trade with the outside world to survive,
they must conform to modern health and
agriculture laws mandated by the various federal,
state and local agencies. Thus, the modern
equipment is necessary. However, it is all
powered by gas generators, not electricity.
30- Old Order Amish follow strict clothing
regulations. Men wear black suits without lapels
or buttons, white or blue shirts, black
suspenders, black shoes or boots and
broad-brimmed hats in black felt or natural
straw. Old Order women wear a frock type dress of
mid-calf to ankle length with black stockings, an
apron, black shoes or boots, black cape, and
either a white "prayer cap" (if baptized) or a
black hood. - Only solid colors are worn, with darker colors
favored over lighter ones. The idea behind the
dress code is not only that it sets them apart
from the world, but that is also eliminates pride
and envy.
31- Men crop their hair, and wear beards, if married,
but not mustaches as they are associated with the
military. - Women do not cut their hair but wear it tied in a
bun on their head, which is always covered once
she is baptized.
Fig. 10 Amish women
32Fig. 11 Young Amish out for a ride
- The Old Order Amish make their own clothes,
although they do purchase the fabric. Hats,
suspenders, and shoes can be bought ready-made. - The buggies they drive vary according to purpose.
The family buggy will always be covered. Young
people drive open buggies, such as the one in the
photo above.
33- Old Order Amish use High German for church
services, and their Bibles are also printed in
High German. All Amish can speak English, but
they use a form of Low German amongst themselves
in everyday activities. - The name they give to those outside their order,
the English, is not viewed by the Amish as
derogatory, but simply refers to the language
used most often by the world outside the order.
34New Order and Beachy Amish
- The important thing to remember when studying the
Amish is that there are many variations within
the culture. Some are more strict then others in
matters of religion and society codes. Adherence
varies from affiliation to affiliation some
allow one thing while banning another.
35- For example, the New Order and Beachy Amish vary
greatly from the Old Order in daily life, but not
in religious practice. - The New Order Amish are more progressive than the
Old Order but still restrictive in the use of
modern items. They use telephones in their homes,
allow air operated equipment, electrical
generators, bicycles, and gas pressurized
lights. They also allow the use of rubber
air-filled tires, milking machines and milk bulk
tanks. However, horses are still mandated for
field work and transportation. They do not own or
drive cars.
36- The Beachy Amish have telephones, more modern
clothing, and utilize modern farm equipment. They
are also are allowed to own and drive cars and
meet for worship in meeting houses instead of
private homes. All but six of the Beachy
districts now use English in their worship
instead of German. They refer to their churches
as fellowships and maintain just enough
centralization to maintain the sense of
congregationalism that is so highly valued by all
Amish.
37- There are approximately 150 districts of Beachy
Amish. They have fellowships in America, Latin
America, Africa, Australia, and parts of Europe.
They are considered by many in the Amish and
Mennonite communities to be a combination of both
groups - The New Order Amish are found almost exclusively
in Ohio and Pennsylvania.
38- Both groups still hold to the Ordnung, like the
Old Order, but in varying degrees. - Both groups also differ from the Old Order in the
issues of Meidung (avoidance), Streng-Meidung
(strict banning) what we today refer to as
shunning. - The New Order and the Beachy Amish practice, for
the most part, avoidance and not total shunning,
like the Old Order.
39Day to Day Life little known facts
- The Amish are exempt from paying Social Security
taxes, however they do pay all other federal,
state, and local taxes. - They provide their own social security within
their communities. Members are taken care of and
provided for at all stages of life. Everyone is
expected to contribute to a fund that is used to
help members who need financial assistance.
40- Musical instruments are not allowed among the Old
Order Amish, as they believe it would lead to
pride and the stirring up of emotions. - Amish do not believe in having their picture
taken they consider photographs to be graven
images and thus against Gods law. However, many
photos of the Amish are to be found. This is
because while they will not pose for photos, they
do not object to someone taking an unposed photo
if permission is asked beforehand.
41Fig. 12 On the way to a wedding
- Families are a cornerstone of the Amish
community, and as such, marriage is an important
part of life. - Nine out of every ten adult Amish are married.
- Marriages are traditionally held on a Tuesday or
Thursday in November, after fall Communion
42- Most couples meet at singings, which are
similar to country dances. Both must be members
of the church to marry. - In October, the names of those seeking to be
married are published by being read at Sunday
service. The couple will not attend church that
day, instead the woman will fix a special meal
for her finance, which they eat at home alone. - Amish wedding dresses are blue and have no lace
or train. This same dress is usually used by the
woman to wear to church, and she will more than
likely be buried in it as well.
43- The wedding service lasts for up to five hours,
after which is a huge feast which continues long
into the night. The marriage night is spent at
the house of the brides parents. - The newlyweds will spend the rest of the winter
visiting and spending time at various relatives
houses. It will be spring before they establish a
home of their own.
44- The Amish believe large families are a blessing
from God, so contraception is not practiced. The
typical Amish family has 8.5 children. - By the age of forty-five, an Amish woman has
probably given birth to seven children. - Under the Ordnung, divorce is not allowed
45- Children are usually born at home and attend
school only through the eighth grade. - Amish children walk to school, which are usually
one room buildings.
Fig. 13 An Amish classroom
46- After the eighth grade, children are schooled at
home, learning and working alongside their family
until they marry and start a family of their own.
In 1972, the Amish won an exemption from the U.S.
Supreme Court, granting them exemption from
Federal or state mandated school attendance. They
had argued that their religious beliefs teach
that a child should be schooled at home beyond
the eighth grade, and to send their children to
school beyond that would violate their religious
teaching.
47- The Amish also currently have a proposal before
the government requesting exemption from Federal
Labor Laws regulating teen-agers and certain
heavy woodworking machinery. Over the last
decade, federal inspectors have fined some Amish
wood mills as much as 20,000 for illegally
allowing teens to work in the same buildings as
this equipment.
48- Although the proposal does not specifically
mention the Amish, it would give them an
unconstitutional exception simply because of
their religious affiliation." The Amish wish
their teen-agers to be able to be around the
equipment in order to learn how to operate it.
They are seeking exemption based on religious
grounds, as they view these apprenticeships as a
cornerstone of their faith (Jordan),
49- In Amish society, woman are viewed as equal
partners in the marriage, but it is the man who
holds authority in the family and the church.
Wives are expected to submit to their husbands. - Women do help with all aspects of family chores,
although the men seldom help with household type
work.
50- While womens rights is not an issue among the
Amish, some women do wish for more equality and
more modern conveniences to make their household
job easier.
51- While more Amish women today own their own
businesses than in the past, their traditional
role is still viewed as being in the house taking
care of home and family. - The Amish have no prohibition against using
modern health services or medicines. They view
these as ways of healing that are blessings from
God.
52- While the Amish do not celebrate some national
holidays such as Memorial Day or the Fourth of
July, they do observe Thanksgiving Day,
Christmas, New Years Day, and Easter, as well as
other holidays that spring from their European
roots, such as St. Michael's Day.
53- The Amish barn rising is another aspect of their
culture that most people know about. The barn is
started in the morning and finished by that night.
Fig. 14 Seven in the morning
54- One day work/social events, like the barn
raising, are called frolics. Hundreds of people
may come together to build a school, help plant a
field, or women may gather to help clean a house
or make a quilt. Women also hold Sisters Day,
where all the sisters in a family gather one day
a month to visit and chat. They will usually work
on a quilt during that time, or clean a house.
55- While the Old Order Amish can not own cars, they
often pay someone to drive them to various places
too far to drive their buggy. - Amish also take vacations to such places as
Europe. Although they are forbidden to fly, they
can take a train or a boat to their destination.
One popular vacation spot is an Amish community
in Florida, which attracts hundreds of Amish on
their vacations every year.
56Amish Gangs
- The Rumspringa is a time of life for Amish that
typically begins at the age of sixteen and lasts
until they are married. It loosely translates as
sowing wild oats. - During this time, a young person will join a
gang with whom they run around with on the
weekends. - During this period of their lives, the youth are
viewed as falling between the authority of their
parents and the church because they are not yet
baptized.
57- In Lancaster County alone, there are over twenty
six Amish youth gangs, with names such as the
Bluebirds, Canaries, Pine Cones, Drifters,
Shotguns, Rockys, and Quakers. - Youth are free to join the gang of their choice.
The gang will then become their primary social
group until their marriage. - Gangs vary in the intensity of their activities.
58- While some gangs are reserved and do no more wild
behavior than hold a dance on Saturday night or a
volleyball game, others may hold parties where
beer kegs will be present, modern music played by
live bands with electric instruments, and all
attendees dress in secular clothing. - Some gangs place fancy reflective tape on their
buggies, which may have a radio or CD player
hidden inside.
59- In 1998, two Amish men were arrested in
Pennsylvania for buying cocaine, which they then
sold to other members of their gang. - This very public incident, coupled with an
increase in alcohol abuse among the youth in the
gangs, prompted members of the Amish community to
rein in the gangs to some extent. Many events are
now chaperoned by adults and a closer eye are
kept on the youth during these years.
60Amish Religious Life
- Amish are Christians, with all traditional
Christian beliefs in the Divinity of Christ, the
Trinity, salvation, etc. - The Ordnung, roughly translated it means order,
is a set of oral laws that regulates all aspects
of Amish society, from religion to family life.
It is not something that is written down, instead
all Amish just know it, thats all (Kraybill
112).
61- The Ordnung is something that all Amish grow up
with and learn by observing adults and their
behavior. - In some aspects of life, the Ordnung is very
specific, such as in the case of how hair should
be worn. Other areas, such as food issues, are
more open to individual interpretation.
62- New issues are constantly being addressed in the
Ordnung as technology advances. It was recently
decided that transplanting cow embryos was not to
be allowed but that battery operated calculators
could be used. - However, unless a practice begins to cause
problems within the community, or is something
that would obviously be forbidden, it is usually
either overlooked or not addressed within the
Ordnung.
63- Exemptions are made in some cases. A mental
challenged child may be allowed to have a
bicycle, for example, or a family with medical
problems may be allowed to connect to electricity
to run needed medical equipment.
64Examples of Practices Prescribed by the Ordnung
- color and style of clothing
- hat styles for men
- order of the worship service
- kneeling for prayer in worship
- marriage within the church
- use of horses for fieldwork
- use of Pennsylvania German
- steel wheels on machinery
65Examples of things prohibited by the Ordnung
- air transportation
- central heating in homes
- electricity from public power lines
- entering military service
- jewelry, including wedding rings and wrist
watches - joining worldly (public) organizations
- owning computers, televisions, radios
- using tractors for fieldwork
- wall-to-wall carpeting (Kraybill 116)
66- Amish are typically baptized around the age of
nineteen to twenty two. Baptism is viewed as a
vow that the person agrees to submit to the
church, the community, and the Ordnung. - Worship services are held every other Sunday in
homes of members. The services traditionally last
three hours, starting around 800am, lasting
until 300pm with the meal that follows.
67- Men and women enter the house through different
doors and sit separately for worship and eating. - Except in some New Order or Beach Amish
districts, services are held in High German. - The worship service usually consists of
fellowship, followed by congregational singing, a
sermon, prayer, reading of Scripture, another
sermon, more prayer, and a benediction. A meal is
served afterward.
68- Who will preach is not decided until that
morning this precludes any feelings of pride.
However, only ordained men are allowed to preach.
- There is no music, offering, cross, candles, or
any other items likely to be found in a modern
worship service. The Amish worship as they live
simply. - Sunday is considered holy a day when no work is
to be done or money transacted. Even those few
who smoke refrain from doing so on Sunday.
69- Communion is held twice a year and only after any
changes to the Ordung have been agreed upon and
the pastors feel all have fully confessed of
their sins. - The Communion service will last all day, from
800am to 400pm, culminating in a foot washing
ceremony in which all members ritually wash each
others feet. - Ministers are chosen by lot from a list of men
recommended by men in the community.
70- A slip of paper with a Bible verse will be placed
in a song book each man nominated, who agrees to
serve, will then take a book from the pile and
open it. The one whose book has the slip of paper
is the one who will be ordained. - Amish ministers receive no pay, and they serve
for life. A saying among the Amish is only God
can fire an Amish minister (Kraybill 130). - Ministers are then ordained in the church, after
which their family will be expected to follow the
Ordnung to the exacting letter.
71- Within the Amish community, a term is often used
to describe their life style. This word is
Gelassenheit. It means, roughly translated, a
yielding or submission, and it signifies the
Amish life.
72- Gelassenheit involves submission to the family,
submission to the community, submission to
tradition, submission to the Ordnung, submission
to the church, and most important, submission to
God.
73Amish and Technology
- The Amish have found it increasingly difficult to
moderate their beliefs with technology. This has
resulted in some unusual practices throughout the
years. - For example, phones are not allowed in homes, but
the use of them is allowed, so you will see Amish
using the phones of their non-Amish neighbors or
the community phone that can be found outside
stores or some houses.
74- The use of cell phones is increasing among the
Amish, as they are easily hid from inquiring
neighbors eyes. - Electricity generated from batteries or gas
powered generators is allowed under the Ordnung.
75- These electricity may be used for things such as
fence chargers, cow trainers, agitators for bulk
milk tanks, calculators, adding machines, reading
lights for the elderly, hand-held drills, small
motors to operate equipment in shops, welders,
the electrical tools needed by mobile
construction crews, and to recharge batteries for
a variety of uses.
76- It can not be used for general lighting in houses
or barns, computers, hair dryers, or other
similar modern electrical appliances, among other
things. - If an Amish buys a house from an English, he
has one year to tear out all electrical wiring in
the house or face sanctions from the church.
77- Owning a car is grounds for automatic expulsion
from the order. - A child may ride a scooter, but bicycles are
forbidden. When asked why, one Amish replied, I
dont know, they just are (Kraybill 12).
Fig. 15 Boy and his scooter
78- One young Amish woman joked that the the men
make the rules so thats why more modern things
are permitted in the barn than in the house
(Kraybill 85).
79Conclusion
- There are three Biblical passages the Amish often
quote to define who they are and why they live as
they do.
80- The first verse is Peter 29 "But you are a
chosen generation, a royal priesthood, an holy
nation, a peculiar people. - The Amish feel this passage applies to them and
that if it did not, then it is an indicator that
something is wrong and must be corrected.
81- The second verse is Matthew 516 "Let your light
so shine before men, that they may see your good
works, and glorify your Father which is in
heaven. - This verse is viewed as being directed towards
themselves. The Amish feel that their plain
clothes, honesty, generosity, life style, piety,
and obedience to God are ways the world may see
their good works and they may glorify God.
82- The third passage comes from 1 Corinthians 214
"But the natural man receives not the things of
the Spirit of God, for they are foolishness unto
him neither can he know them, because they are
spiritually discerned. - This third verse is seen by the Amish as
explanation as to why the rest of the world does
not follow their way of life and why their
culture seems foolish to those outside their
community.
83- The Amish today face increasing pressure to
conform to the world. Until now they have managed
to meld modernity with their beliefs without much
social upheaval. Only time will tell if they can
continue to do so successfully.
84Works Cited
- Good, Merle and Phyllis. 20 Most Asked Questions
about the Amish and Mennonites. Intercourse,
Pennsylvania Good Books, 1995. - Igou, Brad. The Amish in Their Own Words The
Amish in Their Own Words Amish Writings From
25 Years of Family Life Magazine. netlibrary. 9
October 2003. lthttp/ /www.netlibrary.com/ebook_i
nfo.asp?product_id27993gt. - Jordan, Lara, Jakes. Amish Want Labor Laws for
Teens Relaxed. Newsday.com 8 October 2003. 10
October 2003. lthttp//www.newsday.com/news/politic
s/wire/sns-ap-amish- labor-laws,0,4218895.story?co
llsns-ap-politics-headlinesgt. - Kraybill, Donald. The Riddle of Amish Culture.
netlibrary. 9 October 2003. lthttp//emedia.netlib
rary.com/ebook_info.asp?product_id75718gt.
85Image Credits
- Figure 1 Plowing the fields. How Stuff Works. 9
October 2003. lthttp// www.howstuffworks.com/amis
h3.htmgt. - Figure 2 Graham, Ira. Amish Youth. Ira Graham
Photography web site. 9 October 2003.
lthttp//iragrahamphotography.com/photojournalism.
htmgt. - Figure 3 Peled, Doran. Amish, Intercourse,
Pennsylvania. 9 October 2003. lthttp//www.dcs.war
wick.ac.uk/doron/travel.htmlgt. - Fig. 4 Amish Family. Aaron and Jessicas Buggy
Rides. 9 October 2003. lthttp//www.amishbuggyride
s.com/html/questions.htmlgt. - Figure 5 Anabaptist being burnt at the stake.
The Hutterian Brethren. 9 October 2003.
lthttp//www.hutterites.org/histpic.htmgt. - Figure 6 Compassion for the Enemy. Mennonite
Quarterly Review. 9 October 2003.
lthttp//www.goshen.edu/mqr/Dirk_Willems.htmlgt. - Figure 7 Old Order Amish Couple. Library of
Congress Photo Archives. 9 October 2003.
lthttp//www.loc.gov/rr/print/catalog.htmlgt. - Figure 8 Old Order Amish at a horse auction.
Pennsylvania Press Association. 9 October 2003.
lthttp//www.pnpa.com/publications/press/sept01/ami
sh.htmgt.
86- Figure 9 Mennonite Historical Society of Canada.
9 October 2003. lthttp//www.mhsc.ca/
index.asp?contenthttp//www.mhsc.ca/encyclopedia
/contents/N4945ME.htmlgt. - Figure 10 R.C. Quilts. 9 October 2003.
lthttp//www.quiltsandpatchwork.com/viajes.htmgt. - Figure 11 9 October 2003. lthttp//www.mountainedg
ealpacas.com/Map.htmgt. - Figure 12 Mennonite Historical Society of
Canada. 9 October 2003. lthttp//www.mhsc.ca/
index.asp?contenthttp//www.mhsc.ca/encyclopedia
/contents/N4945ME.htmlgt. - Figure 13 Who are the Amish? 9 October 2003.
lthttp//www.thepeoplesplace.com/ page2.htmgt. - Figure 14 Who are the Amish. 9 October 2003.
lthttp//www.thepeoplesplace.com/ page2.htmgt. - Figure 15 Aaron and Jessicas Buggy Rides. 9
October 2003. lthttp//www.amishbuggyrides.com/htm
l/questions.htmlgt.