Plant breeding to support more sustainable field crop systems

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Plant breeding to support more
sustainablefield crop systems
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Reduce chemical contamination Improve organic
farmers prospects Stave off the commodification
of life Develop perennial grain crops
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Reduce chemical contamination

• Allelopathy
• wheat - WSU
• rye - NCSU
• Nutrient use efficiency
• Weed suppression via plant morphology
• Disease / insect resistance
• Genetic variability within cultivars

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Rye
Reberg-Horton et al., 2005
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K. Murphy, WSU
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Reduce chemical contamination
Allelopathy wheat - WSU rye -
NCSU Nutrient use efficiency Weed suppression
via plant morphology Disease / insect
resistance Genetic variability within cultivars
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Weed suppression ability of 15 winter wheat
cultivars, Nebraska
Mean weed plants / 10 m2
Wicks et al., 2004
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W. Goldstein, MFAI
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M. Smith, Cornell
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Reduce chemical contamination

• Adaptation to more slowly available
• forms of N (manure, legumes) MFAI
• Allelopathy
• wheat - WSU
• rye - NCSU
• Weed suppression via plant morphology
• Disease / insect resistance
• Genetic variability within cultivars

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Hard winter wheat acreage - Kansas - 2004
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Improved opportunities for organic farmers
High-methionine corn (synthetic methionine will
be banned for organic) White and blue
corn Other quality and nutritional
traits Participatory breeding Organic locations
in state variety trials
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W. Goldstein, MFAI
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K. Murphy, WSU
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Improved opportunities for organic farmers
High-methionine corn (synthetic methionine will
be banned for organic) White and blue
corn Other quality and nutritional
traits Participatory breeding Organic locations
in state variety trials
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Modern cultivars of hard red spring wheat that
were developed and selected using synthetic
agrichemicals are adapted to environments under
certified organic management.
Carr et al., Wheat Cultivar Performance in
Certified Organic Environments in Minnesota and
North Dakota, ASA 2005 meeting abstracts
--- ?
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K. Murphy, WSU
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K. Murphy, WSU
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Minnesota
Idaho
New York
Wisconsin
North Dakota
Washington
Iowa
Organic locations in elite-line and state
variety trials
North Carolina
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Stave off the commodification of life
Open-pollinated corn varieties and variety
crosses Improved, genetically diverse public
cultivars Gametophytic incompatibility Alternat
ive, non-patented genetic mechanisms
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F. Kutka, ND/SD SARE
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_
X 15 higher yield
Michael Fields Agricultural Institute - 2002
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Organic farm - Penn Yan, NY
bu/ac
(Lodging - )
(34)
(13)
(4)
(4)
M. Smith, Cornell
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Organic corn, 5/bu
F. Kutka, ND/SD SARE
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Stave off the commodification of life
Open-pollinated corn varieties and variety
crosses Improved, genetically diverse public
cultivars Gametophytic incompatability Alternati
ve, non-patented genetic mechanisms
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U.S. soybean gene pool

• 35 ancestors account for 95 of genes
• 6 ancestors provide 60 of the genes
• 7 crosses contributed 70 of the genes
• Pool 85 complete by 1954
• Pool 95 complete by 1970

R. Nelson T. Carter, ARS
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Coop Soy Test 2004, 10 Locations

• Entry Pedigree Yld Mat Hgt
• LG03-3191 LG96-1854 x LG96-3159 52.2 2
  39
• LG03-1099 LG95-8036 x Rend 51.1 -1
  40
• LG03-2561 LG95-7693 x LG92-4208 50.7 4
  39
• LG03-3755 LG94-1906 x Rend 50.1 0
  38
• Check 48.1 0 40
  

R. Nelson T. Carter, ARS
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Stave off the commodification of life
Open-pollinated corn varieties and variety
crosses Improved, genetically diverse public
cultivars Gametophytic incompatability Alternati
ve, non-patented genetic mechanisms
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L. Pollack, ISU
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Develop perennial grain crops
Wheat Washington State Univ. Chickpea
USDA-ARS, Pullman Wheat, sorghum, sunflower,
others The Land Institute Sunflower, flax
Univ. Minnesota
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April 6 April 19
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Big bluestem
Wheat
0
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Soil Depth (m)
2
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Big bluestem
Wheat
Soil nitrogen concentrations in cropland
Native prairie
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Cropland
Soil Depth (m)
Nitrogen (mg kg-1) 100 years of annual cropping
2
from Ajwa et al., 1998
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EROSION ON THE PALOUSE
M. Arterburn, WSU
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S. Jones, 2001
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PERENNIAL WHEAT
Trititcum aestivum 2n 6x 42 (AABBDD) annual
Thinopyrum elongatum 2n 14 (EE) perennial
AgCS 2n 8x 56 (AABBDDEE) perennial

• Perennation appears
• dominant
• Meristem survival
• factors

M. Arterburn, WSU
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2002
S. Jones, WSU
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CS4E
CS
S. Jones, WSU
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• Regrowth in CS4E only
• CS4EL (long arm telosome) does not regrow
• PSCR genes are likely on 4ES

CS
AgCS
CS4E
CS4EL
M. Arterburn, WSU
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CHROMOSOME BALANCE IN PERENNIAL HYBRIDS

• What ratio of wheatalien chromosomes is ideal?
• Which specific chromosomes are essential for
• perennial success and agronomic essentials
  (ex
• free-threshing)?
• Are certain chromosomes
• preferentially lost?
• Cytoplasmic effects?

J03P119 54 chromosomes
J. Piaskowski, WSU
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BREEDING SELECTION

• Primary criterion for selection is the ability
  to regrow
• consistently
• F2-F5 plants resulting from perennial F1
  hybrids are
• assessed at Spillman, Lind and Kahlotous
• experimental sites in bulk populations
• True-breeding, regrowing plants are selected in
  
• each generation
• Karyotypic information will be established for
  each line
• that passes these levels of selection

K. Murphy, WSU
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NUE IN PERENNIAL GRAINS
Hypothesize greater NUE than annuals due to

• Longer duration of photosynthesis
• Greater leaf area over time
• More extensive, longer-lived root system

Genes from wild relatives should contribute to
increased NUE

• Adapted to nutrient-limited environments
• Minimization of N loss is critical

J. Dawson, WSU
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Thinopyrum intermedium
The Land Institute
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Cicer spp.
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H. maximiliani
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X
H. maximiliani H. tuberosus H. rigidus
X
Helianthus annuus
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H. annuus (2x) x H. maximiliani (2x) x 2
H. annuus (2x) x H. tuberosus (6x)
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Perennial Helianthus or annual x perennial F1
BC1
B. Hulke, Univ. Minn.
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Perennial sorghum 2n40
Grain sorghum 2n20
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Rhz3
Rhz2
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Reduce chemical contamination Improve organic
farmers prospects Stave off the commodification
of life Develop perennial grain crops
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