Department of Maternal and Child Health

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MCH/Public HealthMilestonesPart VII
1960-1964
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Greg R. Alexander, MPH, ScDCathy Chadwick, MPH
Donna J. Petersen, MHS, ScDMaryAnn Pass, MD,
MPH Martha Slay, MPHNicole Shumpert, BS

• Department of Maternal and Child Health
• The MCH Leadership Skills Training Institute
• University of Alabama at Birmingham

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Acknowledgement

• Supported by funding from the Maternal and Child
  Health Bureau

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Golden Anniversary White House Conference on
Children and Youth
1960
Birth Control Pills
Vietnam War begins
National Institute of Child Health and Human
Development
Panel on Mental Retardation
Amendments to Social Security Act
Establishment of Peace Corps
Title V appropriations for research in MCH
Measles Vaccine
President John Kennedy assassinated
President Johnson signs Civil Rights Act
Establishment of Job Corps, Head Start, and
Community Action Agencies
1964
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1960 Golden Anniversary White House Conference
on Children Youth

• The Golden Anniversary White House Conference
  on Children and Youth in 1960 addressed a myriad
  of problems facing children and youth, including
• drug abuse,
• inadequate opportunities for employment,
• concern for the environment,
• increased incidence of venereal disease, and
• the growing number of illegitimate births.

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1960 Golden Anniversary White House Conference
on Children Youth

• These problems were considered within a context
  of deprivation, poverty, civil rights abuses, and
  racial discrimination.
• Although issues of health were not addressed
  specifically in this conference, an urgent
  concern was expressed for the improvement of
  health services for mothers and children.

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Civil Rights
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1960 Birth Control Pills

• Oral contraceptives were approved for use in
  the United States

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Birth Control Pills
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1961 Vietnam War(1961-1975)
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Vietnam War
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1962 National Institute of Child Health and
Human Development

• The National Institute of Child Health and
  Human Development was established for the
  expressed purpose of conducing and supporting
  research and training related to maternal and
  child health and human development.
• Specifically, the Institute was to study the
  special health needs of mothers and children
  within the context of basic sciences that dealt
  with the processes of human growth and
  development.

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Panel on Mental Retardation

• A Panel on Mental Retardation was appointed by
  President Kennedy in October, 1961.
• Composed on scientists, educators and other
  interested individuals, the panels function was
  to examine the causes of mental retardation.
• A report of their findings was submitted in
  October, 1962.

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President John F. Kennedy
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Public Welfare Amendments to the Social Security
Act

• The Public Welfare Amendments to the Title V
  Social Security Act provided for a gradual
  increase in authorizations for child welfare
  services.
• The increased funding served to strengthen the
  ability of agencies to serve retarded children
  and their families.

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Peace Corps

• In his inaugural address of January 20, 1961,
  President John F. Kennedy challenged a new
  generation of Americans to join "...a grand and
  global alliance...to fight tyranny, poverty,
  disease, and war..."  
• March 1, 1961, President Kennedy signs an
  executive order establishing the Peace Corps, an
  organization where volunteers serve in a
  developing nation.

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1963 Title V Appropriation for Research P.L.
88-156

• Recommendations from the Panel on Mental
  Retardation, appointed by President Kennedy, were
  the foundation for Public Law 88-156.
• This public law authorized a new Title V program
  for projects essential to the research and
  evaluation of issues concerning the care and
  treatment of the mentally retarded.

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Eunice Kennedy ShriverInstrumental in the
development of research and programs for mentally
retarded
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PKU Detection

• A widespread interest in metabolic disorders
  contributed to new mass case finding techniques
  for early detection of infants with
  phenylketonuria (PKU).
• This also led to the development and support of
  cytogenetic and biochemical laboratories in 21
  special projects.

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Blood Test for PKU on Newborn
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MIC Projects

• Efforts to prevent mental retardation and to
  reduce infant mortality in low income areas led
  to the creation of Maternal and Infant Care (MIC)
  projects.
• These programs were designed as
  interdisciplinary models combining medical,
  dental, nursing, social work, and nutrition
  services.

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Measles Vaccine Licensed

• The measles vaccine was licensed on March 21,
  1963.
• Because of the extensive use of this vaccine,
  the number of reported cases of measles in the
  United States decreased from about 482,000 in
  1962 to 22,000 in 1968.
• The number of cases rose again in 1971 to over
  75,000.

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November 22,1963

• Assassination of John F. Kennedy

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Kennedys Funeral
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1964 Civil Rights Act

• The passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was
  preceded by heated and controversial debates.
• The Act prohibited discrimination on the
  grounds of race, color, or national origin in
  public places and by employers and unions.

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Martin Luther King, Jr.
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Economic Opportunity ActP.L. 88-452

• The Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 sought to
  reduce poverty by providing all citizens an
  opportunity for education and the opportunity to
  work.
• This Act resulted in the creation of the Office
  of Economic Opportunity, as well as the Job
  Corps, Head Start, and community action agencies.

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President Lyndon Johnson
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Job Corps

• The Job Corps was established for low income,
  disadvantaged young men and women.
• It authorized establishment of residential
  and/or non-residential centers in which enrollees
  would participate in intensive programs of
  education, vocational training, work experience,
  counseling, and other activities.

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Head Start

• The Head Start program was launched under the
  auspices of the Office of Economic Opportunity.
• The programs were primarily set in poverty areas
  with significant attention devoted to learning,
  social development and health care for
  economically disadvantaged preschool children.

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Community Action Agencies

• The community action agencies were created
  through the Office of Economic Opportunity.
• These agencies provided family centered health
  care to many communities.

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Community Health Clinic in Church
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Maternal and Child Health/Public Health
Milestones 1960-1964 Photo Acknowledgements

• Slide 6 At the request of his brother Robert,
  standing behind him, the President signs three
  tough new anti-crime bills targeting organized
  crime. The bills prohibit telephone betting,
  interstate transportation for purposes of
  racketeering and commercial transportation of
  betting equipment. www.historyplace.com/
• Slide 8 www.seattletimes.newsource.com
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• Slide 10 advertisement in Family Planning
  Perspectives
•  
• Slide 11 U.S. Bombing of Cambodia.From 1969 to
  1973, during the Vietnam War, the United States
  bombed Cambodia in order to destroy Vietnamese
  Communist strongholds there. In this picture,
  U.S. soldiers survey the Cambodian town of Snuol
  after it has been almost completely flattened by
  U.S. bombers. Express Newspapers/Archive Photos.
  www.encarta.com
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• Slide 12 US Marines March to retake Hue.
  Communist forces seized Hue in 1968 when they
  attacked almost all the major cities of South
  Vietnam during the Tet Offensive. United States
  and South Vietnamese troops recaptured Hue less
  than a month later. The offensive resulted in
  great losses for the North Vietnamese and the
  National Liberation Front, but it caused growing
  opposition to the war in the United States.
  Hulton Deutsch. www.encarta.com
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• Slide 14 D.C. Society for Crippled Children and
  Adults, Childrens Bureau in DHEW book.
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• Slide 16 Kennedy Library, www.historyplace.com
  President Kennedy speaking to the nation during
  the Cuban missile crisis
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• Slide 18 Ralph Showalter, UAW-CIO. DHEW book

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Maternal and Child Health/Public Health
Milestones 1960-1964 Photo Acknowledgements

• Slide 20 www.stuaff.northwestern.edu
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• Slide 22 www.umassmed.edu/shriver The Eunice
  Kennedy Shriver Center
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• Slide 24 Texas Department of Health.
  www.tdh.state.tx.us
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• Slide 26 Wesley House Community Center.
  Courtesy of the National Library of Medicine.
  www.nih.nlm.gov
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• Slide 28 Anti-polio vaccine for Australian
  children. Courtesy of National Library of
  Medicine. www.nih.nlm.gov
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• Slide 29 Kennedy Library, www.historyplace.com
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• Slide 30 Kennedys Funeral Procession.
  Jacqueline Kennedy, the president's widow, and
  other members of the Kennedy family mourn as John
  F. Kennedy's casket passes by during the funeral
  procession to Arlington National Cemetery. The
  funeral was held with full military honors.
  Hulton Deutsch, www.encarta.com
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• Slide 32 During the 1950s, Martin Luther King,
  Jr. studied the methods of nonviolent protest of
  the Indian nationalist leader Mohandas K. Gandhi
  and successfully implemented them in a civil
  rights movement in the United States. King
  expertly led the movement and forced discussion
  of inequality in the United States. His work
  inspired thousands of blacks and led to
  long-range changes in the lives of countless
  others. In 1963, five years before his death at
  the hands of an assassin, King addressed a
  gathering of more than 200,000 people at the
  Lincoln Memorial in the nation's capital. There
  he delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech.
  www.encarta.com 

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Maternal and Child Health/Public Health
Milestones 1960-1964 Photo Acknowledgements

• Slide 34 After the Tet Offensive in 1968 and
  challenges for the Democratic nomination from
  Eugene McCarthy, President Lyndon Johnson decided
  not to run for reelection. On March 31, 1968,
  during a televised speech from the White House,
  Johnson announced "I shall not seek, and I will
  not accept, the nomination of my party for
  another term as your president. www.encarta.com
• Slide 36 www.hbi.org
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• Slide 38 Nursery School. Childrens Bureau.
  Teacher with children during story hour.
  Courtesy of National Library of Medicine.
  www.nlm.nih.gov
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• PHS Book Mullan, F. Plagues and Politics The
  Story of the U.S. Public Health Service. New
  York Basic Books. 1989.
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• DHEW book U.S. Department of Health, Education,
  and Welfare, Public Health Service, Health
  Services Administration. Child Health in
  American. DHEW Publication No. (HAS) 76-5015.
  1976.
•  

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CREDITS

• This work builds upon the earlier efforts of
  Dr. Allan C. Oglesby, Cindy Camberg, EdD, and
  Cathy Chadwick of the Maternal and Child Health
  Institute to Increase Leadership Skills Project,
  San Diego State University, and draws upon their
  Manual of the History and Philosophy of Maternal
  and Child Health as a foundation for this
  multi-volume series.