Support in Animals

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Support in Animals
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What makes me stand upright ?
A skeleton is any part of an animal which
provides support to the body.
A skeleton ??
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Importance of support?? in animals

• As a rigid framework for muscle attachment????
• For protection?? of important organs
• Support the body against gravity ????above ground
  for rapid movement (to reduce friction)

support
locomotion
protection
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General plan of mammalian skeleton
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Types of skeletal systems

• Hydroskeleton
• Exoskeleton
• Endoskeleton

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Hydroskeleton

• Characteristics of soft-bodied animals. E.g.
  annelids
• Coelomic fluid ???is enclosed by body wall.
• When muscle contracts, due to incompressibility??
  ?? of the fluid, pressure is exerted by the body
  wall to maintain the shape and form of the
  animal.
• Hydroskeleton provides support aids locomotion.

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Exoskeleton

• Characteristics of arthropods????.
• Skeleton on the outside of their bodies.
• Exoskeleton is the cuticle??? made up of protein
  and chitin???.
• Exoskeleton is jointed?? segmented? to allow
  flexibility in movement.
• Jointed appendages act as levers for support
  movement. Joints are hinges. Muscular contraction
  provides the force.

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Endoskeleton

• In vertebrates
• Made up of bones or cartilage
• Located within the organism (internal to the
  muscles)
• Short bones joined to form vertebral column which
  serves to support the skull, girdles and
  appendages
• Bones held together by ligaments. Joints allow
  degree of movement.
• Tendons attach muscle to bone.
• Contraction of skeletal muscle brings about
  movement at the joint.
• Muscles, bones and joints together form the lever
  system for support and movement.

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Means of support of aquatic animals(e.g. fish)

• Swim bladder
• Endoskeleton
• Fins

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Swim bladder
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Swim bladder is filled with air that provides
buoyancy support in water.
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Swimming of fish
Endoskeleton - vertebral column and side bones
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Maintaining stability in fish by paired fins
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Means of support of terrestrial animalse.g.
terrestrial tetrapedal mammal
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Comparison of means of support in terrestrial and
aquatic animals
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Comparison of means of support in terrestrial and
aquatic animals
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Comparison of means of support in terrestrial and
aquatic animals