General Aims of the Study

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General Aims of the Study
To determine

• Whether levels of arsenic exposure, experienced
  in the NH population, increases bladder cancer
  incidence.
• Shape of dose-response relationship, at the lower
  end of the dose curve
• Precise estimation of risk using an individual
  biomarker of arsenic exposure

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General Aims of the Study
To determine whether

• There are identifiable subgroups at greater risk
  of arsenic-associated cancer, through
• genetic susceptibility (GSTs)
• co-carcinogen exposure (smoking, UVL, XRT)
• nutritional deficiency/ trace element interaction
  (selenium, zinc)
• There are molecular or genetic alterations
  indicative of low level arsenic exposure (gene
  expression, DNA mutation)

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What is the extent of arsenic exposure?
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Sources of Arsenic
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