HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

• ALONG WHAT DIMENSIONS MIGHT WE STUDY HUMAN
  DEVELOPMENT?

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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

• Whatever the ultimate source or sources of our
  attributes, nature, nurture or the interactions
  of the two, we should consider the actual process
  of development.
• We will study development along or in three
  realms
• Changes in the ______ realm (a.k.a.
  maturation)
• Changes in ________ functions
• Changes in social behavior and ___________

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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

• WHAT IS MATURATION?
• (p. 145)
• WHAT FOUR PROCESSES ARE PART OF MATURATION?

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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

• CHANGES IN THE PHYSICAL REALM
• Maturation an orderly sequence of genetically
  designed biological growth processes, relatively
  uninfluenced by experience
• Maturation can be seen in four processes
• ___________
• ___________
• ___________
• ___________

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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
Here are some developmental changes that occur
Why does this happen?
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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
For exampleswimming in infants? Really?
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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

• Here is an experiment to make sure it isnt some
  odd observation
• Thirty-six infants were studied during diving
  exercises in infant swimming.
• All of the infants who participated showed an
  immediate ___________ in heart rate when
  submerged. On average, the heart rate decreased
  by ___________
• The bradycardia was sustained during the dive and
  for some seconds afterwards.
• A ___________ of bradycardia was observed with
  increasing age
• Goksor, E. Wennergren, C. (2002) Bradycardic
• response during submersion in infant swimming.
• Acta Paediatr, 91, 307-12.

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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
Why do you think these changes occur?
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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

• WHAT IS CEREBRATION?

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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

• Cerebration the shift of control from
  sub-cortical to ___________ due to maturation

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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

• WHAT IS MYELINATION?

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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

• Myelination as myelin appears on major nerve
  pathways the childs speed and reactivity
  ___________

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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

• WHAT IS ENDOCRINATION?

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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

• Endocrination the beginning of lifelong changes
  in hormone function.
• The ___________ ___________ is especially
  important

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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

• The anterior pituitary produces
• somatotropic hormone a hormone produced by
  the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates
  growth in humans (aka human growth hormone)
• thyrotropic hormone a hormone produced by the
  anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the
  function of the thyroid gland
• gonadotropic hormone a hormone secreted by
  the anterior pituitary gland and placenta that
  stimulates the gonads which then release
  testosterone or estrogen and controls
  reproductive activity

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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

• WHAT IS SKELETONATION?

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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

• Skeletonation growth of the skeletal system,
  this is largely driven by the growth plates
• The growth plate, also known as the epiphyseal
  plate, is the area of growing tissue near the end
  of the long bones in children and adolescents.
• Each long bone has at least two growth plates
  one at each end.
• The growth plate determines the future length and
  shape of the mature bone.
• When growth is complete--sometime during
  adolescence--the growth plates close and are
  replaced by solid bone.

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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

• WHAT ARE GESELLS DEVELOPMENTAL PRINCIPLES?
• and
• BE ABLE TO ILLUSTRATE EACH ONE.

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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

• Gessell identified some general principles that
  summarize some developmental trends.
• The ___________ ___________ is cephalocaudal and
  proximodistal
• Development proceeds through ___________
  interweaving
• As one skill emerges others regress.
• Functional asymmetry replaces ___________
  ___________. Handedness emerges
• Development moves through self-regulatory
  fluctuation.
• There are progressive periods of heightened or
  depressed activity

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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

• The developmental direction is cephalocaudal and
  proximodistal
• and we can see this in growth

Face Forearm Lower leg
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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

• The developmental direction is cephalocaudal and
  proximodistal
• we can also see this is motor control

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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

• Gessell identified some general principles that
  summarize some developmental trends.
• The developmental direction is cephalocaudal and
  proximodistal
• Development proceeds through reciprocal
  interweaving
• As one skill emerges others regress.
• Functional asymmetry replaces bilateral symmetry.
  Handedness emerges
• Development moves through self-regulatory
  fluctuation.
• There are progressive periods of heightened or
  depressed activity

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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

• WHAT IS CANALIZATION?
• (p. 159 under Disruption of Attachment)

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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

• The degree to which a developmental outcome is
  canalized is the degree to which the
  developmental process is bound to produce a
  particular endstate despite environmental
  fluctuations both in the development's initial
  state and during the course of development.
• Ariew, A. (1999) Innateness is Canalization In
• Defense of a Developmental Account
• of Innateness. In press.
• Canalization explains the fact that delayed
  development will accelerate to bring a child up
  to the developmental norm if the obstruction to
  development is ___________.