North Africa

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North Africa

• Egypt (Ancient Modern)
• Libya
• Tunisia
• Algeria
• Morocco

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Ancient Egypt

• Egypt is the gift of the Nile
• Nile is the longest river in the world, 4000
  miles long
• It begins in the heart of Africa and runs north
  to the Mediterranean
• Northern Part is called Lower Egypt
• Southern Part is called Upper Egypt
• Floods each year, enriching soil around it
• Surplus of food that Egyptians could grow made
  Egypt prosperous

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NILE RIVER

• Served as a highway that enhanced transportation
  and communication

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EGYPT religion

• Egyptians were polytheistic
• 2 groups of gods land and sun gods
• Creation Story beginning w/ Atum
• Sun was worshipped as the source of life
• Sun god Atum or Re
• Eqyptian ruler was known as Son of Re

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Atum/ RE
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Ancient Egpyt

• Divided into three kingdoms
• Old Kingdom
• Middle Kingdom
• New Kingdom

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Old Kingdom
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Old Kingdom

• Mummification process
• Giza pyramidlargest, built for King Khofu,
  covers 13 acres
• Great Sphinx in Gizabody of lion, head of
  pharaoh, believed to protect site

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Old Kingdom

• Menes created the first royal dynasty in Egypt
  around in 3100 b.c.
• Rulers became known as Pharaohs
• Lasted about 500 years
• Pharaohs had absolute power, assisted by family
  and then a large bureaucracy
• Vizier2nd in power, in charge of bureaucracy and
  reported to the pharaoh
• Pyramids built during the O.K., served as tombs
  for pharaohs and families

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Middle Kingdom

• Considered to be the golden age
• Egypt expanded into Nubia
• trade reached Mesopotamia and Crete
• Pharaohs became known as the protectors of the
  people
• Invasion of the Hyskos(western asia)
• Overwhelmed Egyptians with chariots as they
  fought from donkey carts
• Egyptians learned to use bronze and horse drawn
  chariots from the Hyskos

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Hysksos Defeated the Egyptians With
Bronze Weapons and Chariots
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New Kingdom

• During this period Egypt created an empire
• Pharaohs were real wealthy
• Hatsheputfirst female pharaoh
• Akhenaton tried to make Egypt monotheistic, only
  the sun god
• People thought that it would upset cosmic order
  and destroy Egypt
• Tutankhamen restored old gods and polytheism
• Akhenatons religious reforms caused upheavals
  that led Egypt to lose power

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New Kingdom

• During this period Egypt created an empire
• Pharaohs were real wealthy
• Hatsheputfirst female pharaoh
• Akhenaton tried to make Egypt monotheistic, only
  the sun god
• People thought that it would upset cosmic order
  and destroy Egypt
• Tutankhamen restored old gods and polytheism
• Akhenatons religious reforms caused upheavals
  that led Egypt to lose power

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Temple of Hatsheput
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I smell cheese, I think
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New Kingdom

• Rames II (Great) regained some of the empire
• New invasions from the Sea Peoples eventually
  ended the Egyptian empire
• For a thousand years, Egypt was dominated by
  Libyans, Nubians, Persians, Macedonians
• Cleopatra VII tried to reassert Egypt
  independenceled to Roman rule over Egypt

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Hieroglyphics

• Means priest carvings or sacred writings
• Uses pictures and abstract forms to write
• Used for writing in temples and tombs
• Took a long time to learn and do
• Hieratic scriptsimplified version of
  hieroglyphics

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Pink Panther vs. Sylvester
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Egypt/geography

• Borders the Mediterranean Sea, 3x size of New
  Mexico
• Mostly desert hot, dry summers with moderate
  winters
• Nile River is the worlds longest river
  supplies 85 of Egypts water
• Suez Canal separates Egypt from the Sinai
  Peninsula, ships are able to pass from
  Mediterranean Sea to Red Sea

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Suez Canal
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Aswan High Dam
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History

• Last native dynasty fell in 341 b.c. to the
  Persians
• Arabs introduced Islam Arabic language, 7th
  century and ruled for next 6 centuries
• Mamluks took control about 1250 continued to
  govern the conquest of Egypt by the Ottoman Turks
  in 1517
• Britain seized control of Egypts government in
  1882, but allegiance to Ottoman empire continued
  until 1914
• Gained independence after WWII in 1952, when a
  group of army officers overthrew British
  supported King

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Mamluks
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The Quran Holy Book Of Islam
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Culture Government

• Is now a republic
• ½ of Egypts people live in rural areas
• Most are farmers, raise only enough food to feed
  their families, best farmland is around Nile
• 94 Muslim
• Speak Arabic
• Cairo leading center for Muslim world
• Main resource oil
• Tourism major industry, ancient ruins
• Agriculture main economic activity

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Fatimid Mosque in Cairo
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Libya

• Sahara covers 90 of land
• Desert with only a few oases
• Has no permanent rivers, but aquifers lie beneath
  the vast desert
• Poor soil hot climate Libya has to import ¾
  of food supply
• Discovery of oil in 1959 brought great wealth
• Mixed Arab Berber heritage/Berbers first known
  in NA
• 86 of people live on the Mediterranean coast

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Sahara Desert
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Libya

• Practice Islam
• Speak Arabic
• 1969 Muammar al-Qaddhafi overthrew the king
  became dictator
• For many years US has accused him of sponsoring
  encouraging terrorism/ bombed family compound
• Recently swore to not participate in terrorism
  any longer

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Al-Qaddafhi
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Bombing of Pan Am Flight 103

• In 1988, terrorist bombed Pan Am Flight 103 over
  Lockerbie, Scotland
• US worked for many years proving Libyas
  involvement
• One Libyan was actually found guilty in an
  international court

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The Maghreb

• Means the land farthest west in Arabic
• Consists of Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco
• Given the name because it is the westernmost part
  of the Arabic speaking Muslim world

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Tunisia/geography

• North Africa smallest country, size of Georgia
• Atlas mountains northwest
• South merges into Sahara desert
• Mild, rainy winters/Hot, dry summers North
• Desert South

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Tunisia/history

• Berbers were the first to settle the area
• Phoenicians from SW Asia founded the city of
  Carthage 2,800 years ago
• Carthage center of powerful trading empire
• Carthage eventually lost battle with Romans for
  control of Mediterranean Sea
• Was the part of several Muslim empires
• Became independent of France in 1956

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Phoenicians
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Ancient Carthage Ruins
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Tunisia/culture

• Mixture of Arab Berber ancestry
• Speak Arabic
• Practice Islam
• Economic activities farming, fishing,
  manufacturing
• Tourism is growing
• Tunis capital

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Algeria

• Largest country in NA, 3.5x of Texas
• Algeria must import most of its food which is
  paid for by selling oil natural gas
• French colony 1834-1862
• In 1954, Algerian Arabs rose up against French
  and won independence by 1962
• Many Algerians speak French Arabic
• Algiers capital
• Today, Algeria is a republic with a strong
  president legislature
• Since 1990s there have been many conflicts
  between government Muslim political parties

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Algeria

• Widespread poverty exists today
• Many people have had to move to other countries
  to find work
• There is a civil war going on between the Muslims
  the government that got its start from Muslims
  being jailed after an election

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Morocco

• Between Algeria Western Sahara
• Mediterranean climate, more extreme in the
  interior
• Economy is based on agriculture, industry,
  tourism
• Lead the World in exports of phosphate rock
• AD 700s, Arabs Berbers from Morocco conquered
  Spain developed a brilliant civilization until
  Christian rulers drove them out in the late
  1400s
• Gained independence from France in 1956

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Straight of Gibraltar

• Separates Africa Europe/ Morocco Spain
• Only 9 miles between the separation

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Berbers Arabs
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Morocco

• Has constitutional monarchy/King/Queen is head of
  state but elected officials run the government
• Developed bicameral legislature in 1997
• 1970s, Morocco claimed Western Sahara, sparked a
  war between Morocco a rebel group wanting
  independence for Sahara/ problem remains unsolved
• Most people live in coastal areas, some herd
  farm in the foothills of the Atlas mountains
• Casablanca largest city,
• Rabat Capital

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Casablanca
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MMMMMtasty