A Brazilian Perspective on Bioenergy Issues

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A Brazilian Perspective on Bioenergy Issues
Prof. Donato Aranda Federal Univ. Rio de Janeiro
Future of Forest Bioenergy Stockholm, 2007
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Ethanol Program in Brazil

• 1925 First experiments with ethanol/gasoline
  blends
• 1975 Ethanol program started after the 1st oil
  crisis
• 1989 Leaded Gasoline forbiden.
• 1993 E-20 to E-25 mandatory in all the country
  (33,000 gas stations)
• 2003 Flex Fuel engines
• 2006 80 of new vehicles are Flex (2.5
  million/year)
• 615 million ton of CO2 avoided emissions, so far

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Sugar Cane Output/Input Energy 8.2
Ethanol production in 2006 16 billion liters
Goldenberg, J.L.C Renewable Energies, Island
Press, 1993
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Ethanol Plants
313 Ethanol Plants 1 million employees 60,000
agric. producers 5 million ha (0.6 of Br.
area) 89 New plants are being contructed
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Physical Productivity
Source Brazilian Agricultural Ministry
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Sugar Cane Energy

• 1 mton of Sugar Cane
• 1.7 103 kcal 1.2 barrel of petroleum
• Sugar cane bagasse is producing 2,500 MW
• Breakthrough ethanol from bagasse and other
  residual biomass

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Ethanol/Biodiesel Integration
Barralcool (Mato Grosso State) Produces 100,000
mt/year of Ethanol 50,000 mt/year of Biodiesel
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Biodiesel Program

• B2 mandatory at Jan/2008 (850,000 ton/year)
• B5 mandatory at Jan/2010 (2013, originaly)
• Now
• 10 biodiesel plants working (500,000 ton/year)
• 2,000 gas stations providing B2
• Some transportation companies using B30
• Projects More than 100 new biodiesel plants
• LOW FEDERAL TAXES FOR SOCIAL PROJECTS AND POOR
  REGIONS

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Palm
Babassu
Castor
Sunflower
Soybean, Tallow, Cotton
Jatropha
Canola
Peanut
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Soybean Biodiesel (Output/input energy 3)
NREL (USA) http//www.nrel.gov/docs/legosti/fy98
/24089.pdf
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Jatropha curcas Biodiesel
Output/Input Energy 5- 6
Ref Ouedraogo, 1991
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Palm Oil Biodiesel
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Output/Input Energy 8
Ref Lor, E.E.S. et al, World Bioenergy
http//www.svebio.se/attachments/33/295.pdf
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1st Biodiesel Plant Heterogeneous
Catalyst/Residual Feedstock (Crude Palm Fatty
Acids)
Patent D. A. G. Aranda et al PI0301103-8, 2003.
D. A. G. Aranda et al, WO2004096962, 2004.
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Operating Costs in a Conventional
Transesterification Biodiesel Plant
Size Ton/year 10,000 20,000 50,000 100,000
Chemicals /L 5 5 4 4
Energy /L 2 1 1 0.7
Oper.Costs /L 7 6 5 4.7
In a 100,000 t/year, it means US 5.3
Million/year !! Chemicals US 4.5 Million/year

Highly Acid Feedstocks Loss in Refining
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Operating Costs Hydroesterification vs
Transesterification (50,000 mton/year)
Transesterification Hydrolysis Esterification
Chemicals (/L) 4 1
Energy (/L) 1 2
Oper.Costs (/L) 5 3
If biodiesel plant is integrated with an ethanol
plant, operating costs will be less than 2 /L.
No acidity limits in the feedstocks
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CONCLUSIONS

• Brazil is open to share experiences in biofuels
  and offers good opportunity for international
  colaborations and investments in this field.
• Both ethanol and biodiesel production will
  significantly increase in the next years. Theres
  agricultural land to support this increasing.
• Integration between ethanol and biodiesel plants
  is strongly competitive.
• Biodiesel process is being adapted to tropical
  feedstcoks (larger acidity) with higher yields
  and lower operating costs.

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Tack Själv !
www.greentec-ufrj.com
Vi vet att Gud på alla sätt hjälper dem som
älskar honom att nå det goda. Det är hans syfte
med våra liv. (Rm 8,28)
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Biodiesel plant 100,000 t/year, oil costs US
250/t and Biodiesel sold at US 0.60/L (No
incentive scenario)
b) Hydroesterification
Gross Margin 30.8
c) Hydroesterification integrated with Ethanol
plant
a) Regular Transesterification
Gross Margin 33.3
Gross Margin 24.1