Solid Breeder Blanket R

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Solid Breeder Blanket RD and Deliverable
Presented by Alice Ying

• TBM Costing Kickoff Meeting
• INL, August 10-12, 2005

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Mission statement of HCCB TBM

• To utilize ITER testing capability to provide
  critical experimental data to the development of
  
• 1) a breeding technology for producing the
  tritium necessary for the continued DT fusion
  research and the extended operation of ITER, and
• 2) a blanket technology for the extraction of
  high grade heat and electricity production

Mission statement of HCCB RD Perform valued
research to gain access to the larger
international RD program (EU and JA) and deliver
the 1st test article
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Blanket RD and Manufacturing Schedule for ITER
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RD program on HCCB DEMO TBM (Typical)

• Structural material development and
  characterization
• Fabrication technologies (structural material)
• Ceramic breeder and Be multiplier pebbles (or
  other suitable forms) development and
  characterization (fabrication and procurement)
• Pebble bed characterization
• Tritium control and extraction technologies
• Tritium cycle modeling
• Ancillary systems development (He cooling
  technology)
• Instrumentation development
• TBM mockup tests
• QA/Qualification Criteria, TSD
• TBM fabrication and qualification prior to
  installation

• Current US RD (except structural material
  development) is mainly carried out by the
  graduate students (four at UCLA)
• Several RD projects were initiated, however they
  were discontinued and/or not pursued in depth
  because of the continued program changes
• The ITER TBM program provides a driving force to
  bring Fusion Nuclear Technology RD the first
  step toward reality

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Indeed, a large RD program exists in both EU and
JA

• Can we access it freely?
• Is the data available universally?

Effective thermal conductivity of Be pebble bed
vs. temperature
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Processes toward ITER TBM Database Preparation
(on breeding elements) As a part of IEA
collaboration
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(1st Cut)
EM/S
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Ceramic breeder and Be neutron multiplierpebble
development and characterization

• Procurement and quality control of lithium
  ceramic breeder pebbles (Li4SiO4, Li2TiO3) and Be
  pebbles
• pebble size and shape, low impurity content,
  mechanical properties, density, microstructure,
  process reproducibility, production optimization
  and engineering scaling
• Recycling processes for Li, Be
• Ceramic breeder and Be pebbles behavior under
  irradiation (mechanical properties, T release)
• Modeling of radiation damage, T kinetics and
  thermal creep in irradiated Be and of helium and
  tritium behavior in Be
• Improved Be and Be alloys material development
  (enhanced T release, limited He embrittlement,
  limited reaction in air)

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Cost, Risk and Benefit
Material Fabrication/Procurement
Material TBM Action Costing Action
Ferritic Steel to call for tender (can either be a US or an oversea company) Zinkle to estimate cost based on conceptual design drawings (need to include numbers of coolant channels, etc.)
Ceramic breeder pebble to purchase from CTI/CEA (Li2TiO3 pebbles) to purchase from FZK (Li4SiO4 pebbles) initiate a collaborative development program with KO or China Ying to check purchase price from CTI
Beryllium pebble To purchase from NGK Ying to check purchase price from NGK
One possible risk Role of the US on ITER
breeding blanket development
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Scopes of Characterization on Breeding Elements
Thermomechanics
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Uni-axial compression tests have been performed
to generate data base of effective modulus and
pebble bed creep deformation rate for Li4SiO4
pebble beds
Creep strain as a function of creep time
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CFD analysis and laboratory experiments are
needed to verify helium manifold design

• Multiple parallel paths per flow distributor
• Multiple parallel channels per flow path
• The goal is to ensure that helium flow is
  properly distributed

EM/S and NT Unit Cells
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Tritium permeation Uncertainties in the database

• Permeability / Solubility data and Pressure
  effect

• At higher pressure, the permeation regime appears
  to be diffusion limited or J P0.5, i. e.
  permeability is governed mainly by hydrogen
  transport through the bulk. At the lower
  temperatures and lower pressures (773 K or
  lower), the pressure dependence of J is somewhat
  steeper in the low-pressure or J P0.63. This can
  be explained by a more pronounced surface
  influence on the permeability.
• Note that the tritium partial pressure is lt 10 Pa
  in the purge.

References E. Serra, A. Perujo, G. Benamati,
Influence of Traps on the Deuterium Behavior in
the Low Activation Martensitic Steels F82H and
Batman, J. Nucl. Mater, 245 (1997) 108-114. A.
Pisarev, V. Shestakov, S. Kulsartov, A.
Vaitonene, Surface Effects in Diffusion
Measurements Deuterium Permeation through
Martensitic Steel, Phys. Scr, T94 (2001) 121. D.
Levchuk, F. Koch, H. Maier, H. Bolt, Deuterium
Permeation through Eurofer A-alumina Coated
Eurofer, J. Nucl. Matet, 328 (2004)103-106
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Summary Table
Without H2 Without H2 With 100 wppm H2 With 100 wppm H2
Purge gas velocity J3/J1 PHT at the 1 m downstream J3/J1 PHT at the 1 m downstream
T 673 K Eurofer 0.01 m/s 5.62 4.23 Pa 0.80 4.46 Pa
T 673 K Eurofer 0.03 m/s 3.3 1.50 0.271 1.56
T 673 K Eurofer 0.05 m/s 2.55 0.92
T 673 K Eurofer 0.1 m/s 1.8 0.47
F82 H 0.03 m/s 0.56 1.55
T 773 K Eurofer 0.01 m/s 13.81 4.33 2.21 4.95
T 773 K Eurofer 0.03 m/s 8.18 1.63 0.716 1.77
T 773 K Eurofer 0.05 m/s 6.36 1.01 0.417 1.08
T 773 K Eurofer 0.1 m/s 4.49 0.52
F82H 0.05 m/s 0.88 1.07

• Calculated permeation rate appears high and
  unacceptable without taking into account isotope
  swamping effects or using permeation reduction
  barriers.

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Cost Estimates for Unit Cell and Submodule
Parameters Unit Cell Submodule (TM)
Size, m3 0.1925 x 0.211 X 0.6 0.73 x 0.91 x 0.6
Total breeding volume (0.4 m) 0.016247 0.26572
Number of units 3 1
Breeder volume per unit, m3 0.00633 0.0702
Beryllium volume, m3 0.0066314 0.10399
Total ferritic steel volume, m3 0.020089 0.147
Total breeder weight, kg 3.45 x 0.9 x 0.6 x 0.00633 x335.37 3.45 x 0.9 x 0.6 x 0.0702 131 kg
Total beryllium weight, kg 1.85 x 0.6 x 0.0066314 x 3 22 1.85x0.6 x 0.104 115.4 kg
Total ferritic steel weight, kg 154.6 x 3 464 kg 1132 kg
Breeder cost 1 350K x0.7 245K 1.3 millions x 0.5 650 K
Beryllium cost2 198K x 0.7 145K 1. millions x 0.5 500 K
Breeder Beryllium cost 390 K 1150 K
Total estimated cost 0.6 millions 2.0 millions
Li2TiO3 Li4SiO4 Be Ferritic Steel
TD 3.45 2.4 1.85 7.7
Fabricated density 90 98 100 100
Cost /kg 10K1 10K 9K2
1. CEA price if purchasing 1 kg. Cost analysis
assumes 30 discount if purchase in tenth kg
amount, and 50 discount if hundreds of kg. 2.
NGK beryllium pebble price. Same discount applied
to beryllium cost.
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Summary

• If agreed upon by major responsible parties, the
  US as a support role can reduce a significant
  amount of financial burden, yet obtain critical
  data for breeding blanket and electricity
  generation technology development
• Nevertheless, the US TBM should be ready for
  integration into (e.g. EU) Port Module in 2013 to
  be inserted into ITER (2014)
• Focus on valued research (enhanced predictive
  capability and safety feature) to gain access to
  a larger data base
• Breeder unit thermomechanics
• Tritium control and permeation
• Additional cost items (US contribution x)
• Port Frame, Port Plug
• Helium Loop and associated piping system
• Port Cell Coolant Conditioning Components
• Tritium Extraction System
• Tritium Measurement System
• Special Remote Handling Tools
• Hot Cell and PIE
• Waste disposal