Blood Vessels

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Blood Vessels

• Arteries carry blood away from heart
• Ventral aorta
• Dorsal aorta
• Aortic arches between the two

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Key Points

• There are 7 visceral arches and yet the previous
  slide only showed 6 aortic arches, why?

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Ventral aorta Aortic Arches

• Fish
• Afferent branchial artery
• Gill capillaries
• Efferent branchial artery
• Teleosts 1 2 are gone
• Lungfish Pulmonary artery is branch from 6th
  aortic arch efferent region

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Tetrapod Ventral Aorta Aortic Arches

• General pattern
• 6 arches in embryo
• 1 2 rapidly regress
• Internal carotid artery is formed from arch 3
  plus paired dorsal aortae
• Fifth aortic arch is gone in most

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Tetrapod Ventral aorta Aortic Arches

• Pulmonary artery is a branch from arch 6
• Common carotid artery is from ventral aorta
• External carotid artery is from common carotid
  artery

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Amphibian Ventral Aorta Aortic Arches

• Urodeles have ductus caroticus present meaning
  blood in arch three can go cranial or caudal
• Anurans have no ductus caroticus, so that blood
  in third aortic arch can only go towards the head

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Reptile Ventral Aorta Aortic Arches

• Two aortic trunks from conus arteriosus sends
  blood to arch 3 and 4
• One pulmonary trunk from conus arteriosus sends
  blood to 6th aortic arch
• Otherwise similar to amphibians

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Birds Mammals Ventral Aorta Aortic Arches

• One aortic trunk that sends blood to arches 3 and
  4
• One pulmonary trunk sends blood to arch 6
• Fourth Aortic Arch
• Right side stays in birds
• Left side stays in mammals
• Right side of 4th arch becomes subclavian A. in
  mammals

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Bird Mammal Ventral Aorta Aortic Arches

• Ductus arteriosus is in fetus only. It is a
  bypass of blood from the pulmonary trunk to the
  aorta
• Carotids have same general pattern

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Key Points

• Why would the mammalian fetus need a bypass from
  the pulmonary trunk to the aorta?

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Dorsal Aorta

• General Pattern
• Paired in head pharynx in embryo and stays
  paired in adult as internal carotid arteries
• Single in trunk
• Becomes the caudal artery

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Key Points

• Where do you find the caudal artery in the shark?
  Compare its location with the notochord and the
  nerve cord.

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Dorsal Aorta

• Ventral Visceral branches
• Celiac A. supplies stomach, pancreas, liver
• Mesenteric A. supplies intestine (may be more
  than one)

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Dorsal Aorta

• Lateral visceral branches
• Urogenital

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Dorsal Aorta

• Somatic branches to skin, spine, muscles
• Subclavian A ? Brachial A. supplies arm
• Iliac A ? Femoral A. supplies leg

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Veins

• Veins start as capillaries and carry blood
  towards the heart

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Key Points

• Define artery
• Define capillary
• Define vein
• Define trunk
• Define sinus

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Cardinal Stream

• Sharks
• Common Cardinal Vein
• Anterior cardinal vein drains head
• Posterior cardinal vein drains kidney, body wall,
  gonads, and most of body except digestive
  structures

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Key Points

• Trace the blood flow from the sharks kidney to
  its ventral aorta.

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Cardinal Stream

• Amphibians
• Most of postcardinal disappears in anurans, but
  persists in urodeles

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Cardinal Stream

• Amniotes
• Postcava (inferior vena cava caudal vena cava)
• Takes the place of the Posterior Cardinal Vein
• Drains some of hindlimbs in crocodiles, all of
  hindlimbs in mammals and eventually drains most
  of trunk and tail, in addition to hind limbs

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Cardinal Stream in Amniotes

• Azygous/Hemiazygous
• From R. Posterior Cardinal V.
• Provides alternate route from structures caudal
  to diaphragm
• Mammals only

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Cardinal Stream in Amniotes

• Precava ( superior vena cava cranial vena
  cava)
• From Common Cardinal Vein
• In cats and humans, Right Precava persists and
  lose most of left.

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Cardinal Stream in Amniotes

• Internal Jugular Vein
• Drains brain
• From the Anterior Cardinal Vein

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Key Points

• Trace the blood flow from the brain of a
  crocodile to the sinus venosus.

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Renal Portal Stream

• A Portal is a vein that begins and ends in a
  capillary bed
• Fish drains tail to kidney
• Amphibians drains hindlimbs to kidneys
• Reptiles and birds bypasses kidneys and goes to
  postcava
• Mammals not present

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Key Points

• Where are the capillary beds for the Renal Portal
  Veins in the shark?

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Abdominal Stream

• Sharks
• Lateral abdominal Veins are paired
• Iliac V. from pelvic fins
• Subclavian V from pectoral fins eventually to
  common cardinal V.

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Key Points

• Trace the blood flow from the sharks pectoral
  fin back to the sinus venosus of the heart.

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Abdominal Stream

• Amphibians
• Ventral single vessel, not paired as in fish
• No connection to forelimbs

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Abdominal Stream

• Reptiles
• Paired abdominal V
• No connection to forelimbs

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Abdominal Stream

• Mammals
• In fetus only
• Umbilical Vein becomes the round ligament of the
  liver in the adult
• Ductus venosus is a bypass of the liver and
  becomes the ligament venosum as a remnant in the
  adult

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Key Points

• Summarize the evolutionary trend for venous
  drainage of the forelimb.
• Shark
• Anurans
• Amniotes

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Key Points

• Summarize the evolutionary trend of venous
  drainage of the hindlimbs
• Fish
• Amphibians
• Reptiles
• Mammals

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Hepatic Portal Stream Hepatic Sinuses

• All vertebrates have this
• Similar in all
• What is a sinus?

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Hepatic Portal Stream Hepatic Sinuses

• Vitelline V. from yolk sac to heart early in
  development
• Subintestinal Vein from digestive visceral to
  vitelline Vein

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Hepatic Portal Stream Hepatic Sinuses

• Hepatic Portal System develops from one
  Vitelline V. and Subintestinal V.
• Hepatic Sinuses develop within liver from
  vitelline veins

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Mammalian Fetal Circulation

• Ductus venosus is bypass of liver
• Ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale of
  interatrial septum are bypasses of lungs

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Key Points

• Why is there a liver bypass in mammal fetus?
• Why is there a lung bypass in mammal fetus?