Chapter One

1
Chapter One
2
Dating

• CE (Common Era)
• BCE (Before the Common Era)
• Secular Substitute AD and BC
• Commonly remembered Before Christ and After Death
• Latin Anno Domini year of the Lord and English
  Before Christ

3
Before History

• Pre-history Period Before Writing
• Paleolithic(4-1 million years Ago until 12,000
  Years Ago)
• Era of Australopithecines 4-1 million
• Lucy 3.5 million years ago
• Homo Sapiens (consciously thinking human) Emerged
  200.000 years ago.
• Neolithic (10,000 to 4000 BCE) Early stages Of
  Agriculture
• Early Complex Societies (3500 to 500 BCE)

4
Essay Question

• Two page Essay Due Next Tuesday
• What were the Most Significant Positive and
  Negative effects of the gradual Transformation
  from Hunting and Gathering to Complex Societies
  sustained by Agriculture?

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Agricultural Complex Society

• regular food supply
• surplus created wealth
• dramatic increase in population
• protection from the elements by the construction
  of villages and towns
• specialization of labor
• craftspeople could concentrate on improving their
  craft

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• selective breeding
• invention of textiles
• stratification of society, clearly defined social
  classes emerged
• developed an early applied science for
  determining weather

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• agriculture required long hours of hard physical
  labor
• probably required more work than hunting and
  gathering
• less equalitarian in nature
• social distinctions based on wealth
• males took a dominant position in society

8
Personal and Cultural Biases and Assumptions

• Positive or Negative Changes
• Think About Attitudes to Tribal People
• Sense of Superiority?
• Colonial Attempts to Civilize

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Think About Data

• Evidence for the Chapter
• Evidence for reflective Thoughtin Paleolithic
  Era
• Venus Figures Speculation
• Cave Paintings sympathetic magic, origin of
  religion