Diapositive 1

1
Conference on the Future of Energy in Enlarged
Europe Perspectives for R D Co-operation
Weimar Triangle, Warsaw, 7 8th October 2004
New paths for Photovoltaics  Pr. Jean-Bernard
SAULNIER, vice Scientific Director , Department
of Engineering Sciences (SPI), CNRS, PARIS J.C.
Muller CNRS-PHASE laboratory

2
Summary
PV a need for research ?
The main keys Efficiency, cost
Hierarchic perspectives Short, mean and long
term
An overview of CNRS research forces


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Great variety of applications
From space to terrestrial use Off
grid Telecom Lightning Pumps,
refrigerators Building Consumers products Grid
connected (distributed, centralized)

Source PV Energy Syst.Fev. 2002
4
World production of modules
500 MW (2002), 34 /year gt 1 GW 2005
Driven ? PV roofs Japan 70 000 Germany 100
000 France 10 000

Source PV News, feb/ may 2003
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Non uniform market (MW)

Off grid France Grid connected Germany, Japan
nuclear
Si
4-6 / W installed 30-50 c / kWh
3 c /kWh
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Technologies

Bulk Crystalline Silicon 85 Thin films
15 Amorphous Si Chalcogenides Organic Quantum
cells Systems
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Evolution of technologies efficiencies
A. Goetzberger J. Luther, FhG-ISE (DE)
1st Bulk Si sc/mc-Si (85)
2nd thin film Si ribbon (3) a-Si
(4 ), CIS (1 ), c-Si organic
3rd new. materials
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Which issues for these technologies ?

• Bulk-Si Modules Systems
• 4-6 /Wc and 30-50 c / kWh Reduce
  Cost/ Efficiency
• Reduce impact of raw material
• ? Improve the management of integrated systems
• in grids and in buildings

Thin films? Industrial Development ? Faster
processes larger surfaces ? Efficiencies 12
à 15 (modules)

Materials concepts for future ? Improve
stability (ex organic 3 lt 500 h)

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Short Term Prospective lt 5 years

• Crystalline bulk Silicon
• Decrease impact of raw material
• Purification of metallurgical Si plasma
  processes
• Thinner wafers or ribbons(30-150 µm)
• New electro-chemical sawing processesless losses
• Projects ADEME-PW-CEA-CNRS Reducop et
  Sinergies
• Grid Integration of multi-sources Systems
• Smart converters, storage, securized

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Multi-cristalline Silicon mc-Si
Projects Reducop Sinergies (ADEME-PW-CEA-CNRS
2004-2007) Objectives 18 - 20 et 0,8-1,0
/ W
Progresses program PV16 ADEME/CNRS PHOTOWATT
1999-2003 16, 2 /W

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Mean Term Prospective mean term ?5 to 15 years

• Industrial Development of thin films
• Fast processes, higher efficiency and larger
  surfaces
• Si crystalline
• ? large grains / transfer of crystalline-Si
• Amorphous/pm/µc-Si
• ? transfer pm-Si to industry (FEE, SOLEMS,
  UNAXIS)
• ? new tandem Si/SiGe and Si/µcSi cells
• ? hetero-structures (HIT)
• Chalcogenides (CIS)
• ? 2 ways electro-chemical (CISEL project) and
  dry processes
• ? towards modules (30X30cm)

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Alternative thin films CIS
Heterojunctions with polycrystalline thin films
Crystalline Si performances for the price of
amorphous

• Co-evaporation Dry technology, exploration of
  new compounds
• Electro-deposition CISEL Project (CNRS-EDF-St
  Gobain)

Source J.F. Guillemoles, LECA
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Long Term Prospective (gt 15 years)
Potentialities of new materials and of new
concepts
Organic Materials New Project (2002) ?
increase stability (500 h) ? Identification of
materials co-polymers, new molecules, fullerens
dérivative, pigments ? Active layers
imbricated networks, liquid crystals ? The point
with interfaces in the cells



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Organic Composites
? Polymers present situation h 3.5
(Un. Linz Austria)
Dérivate from fulleren C60

France JM NUNZI 2.9
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Long term Prospective (gt 15 yearss)
New materials and concepts (foll.)
New tandem structures luminescence
multi-photons conversion ? composite materials
modified host matrix by adding nano-cristallites
( Si,Ge), nano-particules matrix and species
mineral or organic Power Components ?
power conversion integration within the cell



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Concepts to explore
3rd Génération Cells

• Structure  hot carriers 

• luminescence 
• multi-photons

UV
nano-particules minéral (Si, Ge, ) or organic

• Structure  strong absorption 

IR

quantum dots,
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PHOTOVOLTAICS
Priorities
Priority I Basic Research on nano-structured
materials for inter-conversion of photons
mineral/organic nanocristallites CEA PI
Full-spectrum FP 6 accepted
Priority II Mastering interfaces in
hetero-structures in thin films(Si, CIS, organic)
gt high efficiency low cost
CIS team PI FP 6 complementary list
Priority III Ultimate Technologies for thin
cristalline silicon wafers gt low cost

PHOTOWATT CNRS-PHASE PI Crystal-clear FP 6
accepted
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PHOTOVOLTAIQUE
Platforms

•  RESTORE  national project 4-5 ans
  Sinergies (gt 5x5 cm2)
• ADEME-CEA-CNRS (PHOTOWATT)
• gt transfer of process to
  industry

• Platform CIS CISEL project(CNRS-EDF-St
  GOBAIN)
• From the lab module gt to industrial concept

• Research Platform
• composite and nanostructured materials
  Process PV
• gt laboratory demonstrators lt cm2
  (Strasbourg)

A new Solar Institute CNRS / CEA in Chambéry
INES
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Implantation Map
CNRS 80 seniors 1ère génération Région
Grenobloise Sinergies 2ème
génération Région Parisienne CISEL 3ème
génération Région Alsace Process PV

20
Conference on the Future of Energy in Enlarged
Europe Perspectives for R D Co-operation
Weimar Triangle, Warsaw, 7 8th October 2004
New paths for Photovoltaics  Pr. Jean-Bernard
SAULNIER, vice Scientific Director , Department
of Engineering Sciences (SPI), CNRS, PARIS J.C.
Muller CNRS-PHASE laboratory

21
World production of modules
500 MW (2002), 34 /year gt 1 GW 2005
Driven ? PV roofs Japan 70 000 Germany 100
000 France 10 000

Source PV Energy Syst.Fev. 2002
22
Production verticalement intégrée
Lingot cristallisé 240 Kg
Découpe des briques
Découpe des wafers (sciage à fil)
Fabrication des cellules
Assemblage des modules
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Matériaux Semi-conducteurs pour le photovoltaïque
Cellule tandem à base de CuGaSe2/CuInSe2
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Si cristallin en couches minces

Source A. Slaoui, CNRS-PHASE

• Substrats céramiques mullite, SiSiC, SiN
• Grands grains ? - cristallisation induite par
  métaux
• - dépôts sur surface liquide
• - transfert de sc-Si