English Orthography

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English Orthography

• With a Dash of Word Origins
• Suzanne Carreker
• December 7, 2007

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Syllable Types
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Vowels and Consonants
What is the difference between these two kinds of
letters?
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Consonants
Say these sounds /l/, /s/, /m/. As you say
each of these sounds, the sound is blocked by the
tongue, teeth, or lips. Consonant sounds are
blocked by the tongue, teeth, or lips. They can
be voiced or unvoiced.
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Vowels
Say these sounds /a/, /u/, /o/. As you say
each of these sounds, your mouth is open. Vowel
sounds open the mouth. They are voiced. The
vowels are a,e, i, o, u and sometimes y and w.
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The Vowels
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A Strategy
Vowels can be long or short or have unexpected
sounds. Rather than guess or give up, students
need a strategy for knowing how to pronounce the
vowels when they are reading.
Students need to know the six syllable types.
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There are over 600,000 words in English. Each
word can be categorized as one of 6 syllable
types or as a composite of syllable
types. Students know how to pronounce the vowel
in a syllable if they know the syllable
type. Before learning 6 types of syllables,
students need to know the definition of a
syllable.
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A Syllable
A syllable is a word or part of a word made with
one opening of the mouth. A syllable has one
vowel sound.
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Open Syllables
hi no me so
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Closed Syllables
hip not met and last
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so
sat
me
and
list

• Open

• Closed

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Vowel-consonant-e Syllables
cake these five rope cube
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Vowel-r Syllables
her stir fur far nor
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Vowel-r Combinations
er is pronounced /er/ ir is pronounced /er/ ur
is pronounced /er/
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Vowel-r Combinations
ar is pronounced /ar/ in an accented syllable and
/er/ in an unaccented syllable or is pronounced
/or/ in an accented syllable and /er/ in an
unaccented syllable
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Vowel Pair Syllables
need moon pail out boat boil each haul
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ai, oo, oi, ea, ee, oa, ow, aw, ue,
Does the Talking Does Not Do the Talking
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REMEMBER
The letters y and w act as both vowels and
consonants. At the beginning of a word y and w
act as consonants. When y and w come after a
vowel or at the end of a word, they act as
vowels. The following letter combinations are
vowel pairs ay as in tray aw as in lawn or
saw ew as in few oy as in oyster or boy ow
as in brown, cow, or snow
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REMEMBER
An open syllable ends in one vowel. A vowel pair
syllable has two adjacent vowels in any
position. me is an open syllable bee is a
vowel pair syllable no is an open
syllable boo is a vowel pair syllable he is
an open syllable tea is a vowel pair
syllable
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REMEMBER
ANY syllable that has two adjacent vowels is a
vowel pair syllable. Although syllables like
look, health, and speech end in at least one
consonant, they are NOT closed syllables. They
are vowel pair syllables because they have
two adjacent vowels.
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bike
game
moon
boat
see

• Vowel-consonant-e

• Vowel Pair

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DiscoveryWhat looks the same in all these words?
ankle uncle sample candle battle jungle
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Final Stable Syllables
All of the words have a consonant, an l and an e
at the end of the words. These combinations of
letters are called final stable syllables. Final
because these combinations are found in final
position of the words. Stable because the
pronunciation of each of these combinations is
reliable. Syllables because they make up part of
the words.
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A Strategy
1. When students see a long word, they should
look for a suffix at the end of the word. If
they see a suffix, they should box it. 2. Then
they should look for a final stable syllable. If
they see a final stable syllable, they should
code it with a half bracket.
staple The syllable before the final stable
syllable is accented. staple
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Other Final Stable Syllables
tion /shun/ motion nation rotation
ignition sion /zhun/ or
/shun/ version erosion emulsion
compulsion
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Other Final Stable Syllables
ture /cher/ mixture nature pasture
picture age /ij/ package passage vil
lage garbage
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3
4
2
1
A
final stable
sheep
vowel-r
shrimp
B
vowel pair
vowel- consonant-e
open
shine
C
she
sharp
closed
shamble
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3
4
2
1
A
final stable
sheep
vowel-r
shrimp
B
vowel- consonant-e
open
vowel pair
shine
C
she
sharp
closed
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• bas
• 1

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• ket
• 2

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• bas
• 1

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• ket
• 2

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Puzzle Pieces
cac
so
lo
tus
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Puzzle Pieces
so
lo
cac
tus
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e
tro
lec
net
mag
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e
net
tro
mag
lec
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VCCV
n a p k i n

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i n s i s t


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VCCV Review
1st Choice
Divide between the consonants. Accent the first
syllable.

VC CV
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VCCV Review

• 2nd Choice

Divide between the consonants. Accent the second
syllable.

VC CV
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Puzzle Pieces
kin
nap
cac
tus
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VCV
b a s i c

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VCV
o mit


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Puzzle Pieces
so
lo
ba
by
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VCV Review
1st Choice
Divide before the consonant. Accent the first
syllable.

V CV
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VCV Review

• 2nd Choice

Divide before the consonant. Accent the second
syllable.

V CV
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Lets try a word.
cucumber

• How many sounded vowels are there? How many
  syllables?
• Are there any suffixes or final stable
  syllables?

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cucumber
2. Put your index fingers on the first two
vowels. How many consonants are between
the two vowels? Where will you divide?

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cucumber
3. Put your index fingers on the second and
third vowels. How many consonants are between
these vowels? Where will you divide?
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cucumber
4. Where will the accent fall? Are there any
clues?
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cucumber
'
5. What kind of syllable is the first syllable?
The vowel will be ______. What kind of
syllable is the second syllable? The vowel will
be ______. What kind of syllable is the
third syllable? The vowel will be ___________.
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cucumber
'
6. Read the word without accent. 7. Read the
word with accent. Is that a word you know? 8.
Change the accent if needed. 9. Change the
division if needed.

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fantastic
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fantastic
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fantastic
57

fantastic
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The English Language
3-5 Other
616,500
10-12 Greek
60 Latin
20-25 Anglo-Saxon/Old English
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Anglo-Saxon/ Old English
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Short, common, everyday words

• dog
• tree
• went
• are
• was
• were

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Words with gh

• enough
• thorough
• ghost

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Hard g before e or i

• get
• geese
• girl
• give

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Final ck

• pick
• sock
• black

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Final tch

• pitch
• match
• sketch

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Final ff, ll, ss

• puff
• pill
• pass

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Doubled consonants in the middle of a word

• better
• ladder
• pattern

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Silent initial k or g

• knee gnat
• knock gnash
• knife gnaw

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Words with wr

• wring
• wrist
• wrap
• wreath

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Latin
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Long words

• incredulous
• superintendent
• deconstructionist

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Words with ct

• act
• direct
• instruct

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Words with t /ch/

• nature
• punctual
• situation

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Words with ti (sh)

• nation
• partial
• pretentious

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Doubled consonants near the beginning of the word

• illegal
• attract
• appoint

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Greek
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Words with ph

• biography
• pharmacy
• telephone

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Words with ch (k)

• chorus
• chord
• chemistry

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Long or unfamiliar words with th

• theology
• marathon
• theme

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Words with medial y

• gym
• thyme
• rhythm

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Final Exam
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• Anglo-Saxon/Old English
• Sigh
• Latin
• Applaud
• Greek
• Echo

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Origin?

• versatile
• letter
• weigh
• object
• illustration

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Origin?

• 6. indenture
• 7. chlorophyll
• thermostat
• wrestle
• 10. congratulations

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Who wants to be a LOGOMANIAC?
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Tyrannosaurus Rex gets its name from which
language?
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a) Anglo-Saxon b) French c) Latin d) Greek
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The word canary comes from A. The Latin word
meaning yellow B. The Latin word meaning dog C.
The Latin word meaning candid D. The Latin word
meaning songbird
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The answer is B.

• When first explored, the Canary Islands were
  inhabited by large dogs. Canary comes from the
  Latin word canis, meaning dog.
• The most widely known product of the islands was
  a yellow songbird that was domesticated and
  called the canary after the islands.

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The animal hippopotamus was named by the Greeks.
The word is a combination of two Greek words,
hippo and potomus. The words mean. . .
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a) water animal b) large barrel c) barrel
shape d) horse river
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If you suffer from hippophobia, you are..
afraid of
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helplessness
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Do they...
guess
or
give up?
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Morphology

• Morphology is the study of the meaningful units
  of language - such as base words, suffixes, and
  derivatives.
• An understanding of morphology can help students
  read longer words.

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A base word...
is a plain word with nothing added to it. For
example
jump camp number help
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A suffix...
is a letter or group of letters added to the end
of a base word to change its usage, tense,
number, or meaning. For example
-ed -ing -ness -ful
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A derivative...
is a base word plus a suffix. For example
jumped camping numbers helpful
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Identify

• salamander
• ment
• helpfulness
• number
• baker
• pointless
• address
• humming
• string

base word suffix derivative
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Verbalize these definitions...

• Base word
• Suffix
• Derivative

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A Strategy
When students see a long word, they should look
for any suffixes. If they see any suffixes, they
should box them. Boxing suffixes visually divides
long words and makes them easier to read.
help less ness
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Auditory/Visual Discovery

• Read a list of 5 words that have the same suffix.
  
• After students have discovered what sounds the
  same, write the words on the board.
• Students discover what letters are the same.
• Students determine the meaning of the suffix.
• Make a suffix deck card.

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Discovery of a Suffix

• hatless
• pointless
• helpless
• careless
• sleeveless

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Suffix Deck

1. Consonant suffix l-e-s-s 2. Hatless (les) 3.
Without
-less
front
back
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A morpheme...

• is a meaning unit of language, such as a base
  word or a suffix.
• The word helplessness had three syllables and
  three morphemes (help, less, ness).
• The word tenderness has three syllables and two
  morphemes (tender, ness).

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How many syllables and morphemes?

• helpful
• helpless
• helplessness
• cupful
• gladness
• restlessness
• cleverness

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Inflectional Endings

• An inflectional ending is a suffix.
• Inflectional endings change the form or usage of
  a word.
• An inflectional ending does not change the part
  of speech of the base word.

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Examples of Inflectional Endings

• boys
• singing
• played
• grander
• greatest

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jumpt
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jumped
?
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jump
ed
?
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jump
ed
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jump
seem
last
land
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• root origin meaning
• ang Latin bend
• chron Greek time
• cogn Latin know
• logy Greek study of
• cred Latin believe
• pop Latin people
• rupt Latin break
• san Latin health
• vac Latin empty

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struct

• structure
• instruct
• instructor
• construction
• destruction
• constructionist

(Henry, 1988)
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• struct

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• struct
• to build
• structure, construct, construction, destruction,
  instruct, instructor

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1
2
3
4
bear bring yield
A
duct
script
carry
B
fer
hear
lead
write
C
audi
vis
port
see
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1
2
3
4
bear bring yield
A
to carry
duct
script
B
fer
to hear
to lead
write
C
audi
vis
port
to see
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You Can Be a Wordsmith
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ambulapedirasitis
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• root origin meaning
• ang Latin bend
• chron Greek time
• cogn Latin know
• logy Greek study of
• cred Latin believe
• pop Latin people
• rupt Latin break
• san Latin health
• vac Latin empty

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Word Profiles

• bark
• How many letters? _________
• How many phonemes? ________
• How many graphemes?_______
• Rime pattern _________________________
• Meaning____________________________
• Multiple Meaning______________________
• Derivatives__________________________

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Word Profiles

• bark
• Synonyms____________________________
• Antonyms_____________________________
• Functions____________________________
• Usage______________________________
• Figurative Language___________________
• Origin_______________________________

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BINGO
To pull
To see
To throw
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Morpheme Bingo Grid
Duct
Vis
Port
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Suzanne Jennifer
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10
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