Case Study 8 Food and Water Security

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Case Study 8 Food and Water Security

• 1 Food Security and Food Aid
• 2 Water Security

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Food Security and Food Aid
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• Definition (food security)
• State of affairs where all people at all times
  have access to safe and nutritious food to
  maintain a healthy and active life.
• Must be on the one hand a provision of safe,
  nutritious, and quantitatively and qualitatively
  adequate food (70 days).
• Rich and poor, male and female, old and young
  must have access to it.
• Dimensions
• Availability of sufficient quantities of food of
  appropriate quality, supplied through domestic
  production or imports.
• Access by households and individuals to
  appropriate foods for a nutritious diet.
• Optimal uptake of nourishment with a sustaining
  diet, clean water and adequate sanitation,
  together with health care.

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Global Production of Major Grains, 1950-2002 (in
M tons)
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World Grain Carryover Stocks (Days of Consumption)
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Amount of Grain Used for Feed, USA and China,
1960-1997 (in millions of metric tons)
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Changes in the number of undernourished, 1990-92
to 1997-99
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Food Insecurity in the World
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Critical situation
Malnourished population
Sufficiently feed population
Well feed population
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Coffee and Cocoa Production by Developing
Countries and Imports by Developed Countries,
1961-2001 (in tons)
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Food Security and Food Aid
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• Food Insecurity
• The figures vary from different sources.
• 842 million people in the developing world are
  malnourished (1999-2001).
• 10 million people in industrialized countries.
• 4.2 million in the United States.
• Groups at risk
• Victims of conflicts.
• Migrant workers and their families.
• Marginal populations in urban areas.
• Low income households.
• Dependent people.
• Elderly.
• Pregnant women.
• Young children.

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Number of Malnourished in the Developing World,
1970-2015 (in millions)
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Number of Malnourished by Region, 1995/97 (in
millions)
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of the Population Malnourished, 1990-92
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of the Population Malnourished in Selected
Countries, 1995-97
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Consumption of Coca-Cola Products, 1995 (in
liters per person)
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Estimated Number of Restaurants Worldwide of the
Top 10 U.S. Fast-Food Chains with International
Operations (1952-1998)
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Food Security and Food Aid
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• Food Aid
• Several regions have chronic food shortages.
• Several governmental and non-governmental
  agencies are organizing food aid programs.
• The goal is to supply a temporary aid to the
  population in need.
• This aid has generally negative impacts such as
  the destruction of local agricultural systems.
• Like poverty, there exist a vicious circle of
  food aid favouring the persistence of problems in
  several nations.

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Grain Food Aid, Total and by Region, 1970-95
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Vicious Circle of Food Aid
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Famine
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Food Aid Received from External Sources, 1992-94
(kg per capita of cereal)
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Water Security
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• Context
• Worldwide, more than 1 billion people lack access
  to safe drinking water.
• 80 percent of the earths urban residents may not
  have adequate potable-water supplies.
• Around 0.008 of fresh water is currently
  available.
• Water-stressed countries
• Population have surpassed the levels that can be
  sustained with available water.
• Range of 1,000 - 2,000 cubic meters of water
  supply annually per person.
• 1000 cubic meters per year is equivalent to about
  725 gallons per day per capita.

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Water Security
2

• Water-scarce countries
• Fall below the 1000 cubic meters range.
• In 1992, 26 countries already were in this
  category, with about eight more expected to be
  included by 2010.
• Most of these countries are in Africa or the
  Middle East (11).
• Geopolitics
• Issue of water not well covered by international
  law.
• How much water a country upstream must guarantee
  to country(ies) downstream?
• What quality this water should be? (pesticides,
  salinity, etc.)
• Water resources are likely to be the object of
  geopolitical conflicts in the future.
• Become a scarcer resource in some parts of the
  world.

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Grain Production in Saudi Arabia, in M tons
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Grain Area in Kazakhstan, in M hectares
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Water Development Projects
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• The Aral Sea
• The greatest environmental catastrophe ever
  recorded.
• Once the fourth largest lake in the world, the
  Aral Sea began shrinking in the 1960s.
• The Soviet Union diverted the waters from two of
  its feeders to irrigate the cotton crops of
  Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.
• During the 1980s, several years passed in which
  little or no water reached the Aral Sea.
• The lake began to quickly evaporate and shrink.
• Eventually splitting into two sections.
• Today the inland sea covers about half of its
  former area and its water volume has decreased by
  about 75 percent.

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Water Development Projects
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• The salinity of the lakes waters has tripled,
  killing plant and animal life.
• As it recedes, the lake leaves behind a harmful
  layer of chemical pesticides and natural salts.
• Blows into noxious dust storms, seriously
  affecting the health of the people who live in
  the area.
• Cancer and respiratory diseases have increased,
  as have infant mortality rates.
• The fishing industry, which once employed
  thousands of people, has been destroyed.
• The climate has even been affected.
• Summer and winter temperatures have become more
  extreme.

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River Flow Into the Aral Sea, 1940-90 (in
billions of cubic meters)
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Aral Sea, 1973 and 1987 (Landsat Images)
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Stress on Major River Basins
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Water Use
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• Colorado River
• Covers 7 states.
• Service a population of 25 million.
• No longer a river a series of lakes.
• Competition between urban and agricultural use.
• Competition between cities
• Los Angeles, Phoenix and Las Vegas.
• Fast growing region
• Las Vegas is the fastest growing city of the
  United States.
• All the water is used before it reaches the Gulf
  of California
• 1993 was the last time water flowed in the Gulf.

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Water Profile of the Colorado River
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Flow of Colorado River Below All Major Dams and
Diversions, 1905-92 (in millions of cubic meters)
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