Title: Biology DMA 1505
1Biology DMA 1/5/05
Biology DMA 1/6/2005
- Prepare an entire piece of paper for notes like
this - Mendelian Genetics Vocabulary
- Main topics Details, pictures, examples
- will go here will go here
2allele
- Short for Allelomorph (from Greek allos other
and morph form). - Any of a group of possible mutational forms of a
gene. - Generally used in reference to one form
(dominant or recessive) of a characterisitic or
trait. - In the tall pea plant Tt, T is the allele for
tall and t is the allele for short.
3genotype
- The genetic makeup of an organism.
- Genotype is communicated as a list of the
alleles for a specific trait in an organism. - In a pure bred tall pea plant, the genotype is
TT. - In a hybrid tall pea plant, the genotype is Tt.
4phenotype
- The genetically and environmentally determined
physical appearance of an organism. - Phenotype is communicated as a description of
the physical appearance of an inherited genotype. - The phenotype of TT is a tall pea plant.
- The phenotype of Tt is also a tall pea plant.
- The phenotype of tt is a short pea plant.
5homozygous
- Having identical alleles for a particular trait.
- Being pure bred for a particular trait.
- TT, tt, RR, rr, AA, BB, OO, etc.
6heterozygous
- Having two different alleles for a particular
trait. - Being hybrid for a particular trait.
- Tt, Rr, AB, etc.
7hybrid cross
- A genetic cross of two parent organisms that are
heterozygous for a particular trait. - A cross between two hybrid parents.
- A cross that produces a 31 (75/25) phenotypic
ratio. - G g
- G GG Gg
- g Gg gg
8P generation
- The first two organisms crossed in a genetics
experiment the parent organisms. -
9F1 generation
- (from Latin filius son)
- The offspring produced by the genetic crossing
of the parent generation the children of the P
generation. - The offspring of a cross between a homozygous
tall pea plant and a homozygous short pea plant
T T - t Tt Tt
- t Tt Tt
10F2 generation
- The offspring produced by crossing two members
of an F1 generation the grandchildren of the P
generation. - Choosing any two of the offspring of the cross
TT x tt, the subsequent offspring produced T
T T t - t Tt Tt T TT Tt
- t Tt Tt t Tt tt
- F1 F2
11test cross
- A cross performed to identify if an organism is
heterozygous or homozygous. - The organism is crossed with another organism
that is homozygous recessive for the same trait.
Analysis of the F1 generation will reveal the
genotype of the unknown parent.
12Is it homozygous or heterozygous?
- f f f f
- F Ff Ff F Ff Ff
- ? ?f ? f F Ff Ff
- f f
- F Ff Ff If all of the offspring are fuzzy?
- f ff ff If 14 offspring are fuzzy and 15
- offspring are scaly?
13dihybrid cross
- A cross between two organisms that involves two
different sets of alleles. - A cross between a tall wrinkled pea and a short
round pea. - TTrr x ttRR
14- Tr Tr Tr Tr
- tR TtRr TtRr TtRr TtRr
- tR TtRr TtRr TtRr TtRr
- tR TtRr TtRr TtRr TtRr
- tR TtRr TtRr TtRr TtRr
15FOIL and dihybrid crosses
- First TTrr Tr ttRR tR
- Outer TTrr Tr ttRR tR
- Inner TTrr Tr ttRR tR
- Last TTrr Tr ttRR tR
16(No Transcript)
17Dihybrid cross practice
- Complete a dihybrid cross between a homozygous
short heterozygous round pea and a heterozygous
tall homozygous wrinkled pea. - Write out the fraction of each different
genotype. - Write out the fraction of each different
phenotype.
18sex-linked trait
- Genetic characteristics that are carried on sex
chromosomes. - Characteristics that are generally carried only
by the x chromosome. - Red-green color blindness is a common sex linked
trait. Homozygous recessive genotypes exhibit
the color blindness phenotype. Males are
statistically more likely to be affected than
females.
19- A color blind male is crossed with a normal
female - Xn Y
- XN XN Xn XNY XN XN Xn
XNY - A normal male is crossed with a carrier
female - XN Y
- XN XN XN XNY Xn
XN Xn XnY
20incomplete dominance
- Failure of a dominant phenotype to be fully
expressed in an organism carrying a dominant and
a recessive allele. The result is usually a
phenotype that is intermediate between the
homozygous dominant and the homozygous recessive
forms.
21Incomplete Dominance
- A cross between red snapdragons (RR) and white
snapdragons (rr) makes pink snapdragons. - R R
- r Rr Rr
- r Rr Rr
22Incomplete Dominance
- A cross between pink snapdragons (Rr) and pink
snapdragons (Rr) makes pink snapdragons, white
snapdragons, and red snapdragons. - R r
- R RR Rr
- r Rr rr
23Incomplete Dominance
- A cross between pink snapdragons (Rr) and white
snapdragons (rr) makes pink snapdragons and white
snapdragons. - R r
- r Rr rr
- r Rr rr
24Incomplete Dominance
- A cross between pink snapdragons (Rr) and red
snapdragons (RR) makes pink snapdragons, and red
snapdragons. - R r
- R RR Rr
- R RR Rr
25- TLTL is the genotype for a long tailed cat.
- TNTN is the genotype for a no tailed cat.
- A test cross between a long tailed cat and a no
tailed cat is performed. - TL TL
- TN TLTN TLTN
- TN TLTN TLTN
- The genotype TLTN produces the medium length
tail phenotype.
26codominance
- Both alleles of a pair are fully expressed in
heterozygous organisms. -
27- A is a dominant allele for human blood type.
- B is a dominant allele for human blood type.
- O is a recessive allele for human blood type.
- A test cross is performed between homozygous A
and homozygous B. - B B
- A AB AB
- A AB AB
- All offspring would have type AB blood.
-
28- A test cross is performed between a person with
type AB blood and type O blood. - A B
- O AO BO
- O AO BO
- The offspring would have either type A blood or
type B blood.
29- A child has type O blood.
- The mother has type A blood and the father has
type B blood. - What are the actual genotypes of both parents?
- A ?
- B AB ?B
- ? A? OO
30pedigree
- A diagram setting forth the ancestral history or
genealogical register. - A chart that is used to trace the movement of
alleles through a group of related organisms.
31(No Transcript)
32Biology DMA 1/7/05
- Prepare a piece of paper for todays quiz.
- Number from one to ten.
- Leave ample space for setting up Punnett
squares. Some of your answers will actually be
Punnett squares.
33- A cross is performed between a black guinea pig
and a white guinea pig. Some time passes. Five
baby guinea pigs are born, and they all end up
with black fur. - What is the genetics term that is used to
describe both the mother and father guinea pigs? - What is the genetics term that is used to
describe the physical appearance of all five of
the baby guinea pigs? - Based on the physical appearance of all of the
babies, what is the genetics term that describes
the allele for black fur?
34- Two of the second generation black guinea pigs
of opposite gender are placed in a separate cage
and given some privacy. Some time passes. Eight
babies are born. Five of the babies have black
fur and three have white fur. - What is the genotype of both parents for the
second generation? (write two answers) - What is the genotype of the three white babies?
- What is the correct genetics terminology for
second generation?
35A
B
C
F
D
E
- 7. What are the genotypes for the labeled guinea
pigs? This pedigree is set up to display
phenotypes (fur color).
36- Two pink flowering roses are crossed. The seeds
are harvested and planted. Several years later,
three types of offspring are obvious - many pink roses, a few white
- roses, and a few red roses.
- In general, red roses are
- much more common than
- white roses. Create a Punnett
- square that illustrates this
- cross.
- 9. What genetics term describes
- the inheritance of the alleles in this case of
the pink roses?
37- Penelope has type AA blood.
- She has several boyfriends scattered around the
country Theseus, with type AB blood, Daedalus
with type OO blood, and Agamemnon with type BB
blood. - Penelope gives birth to Icarus, who has type A
blood. Icarus marries Hailey, who has type B
blood. They have four kids Stan (AB), Dan (O),
Fran (A), and Hailu (B). - Who was the father of Icarus?
38Biology DMA 1/10/05
- How is codominance different from incomplete
dominance?
39Biology DMA 1/13/05
- Prepare an entire piece of paper for notes like
this - 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
- 1825 1875 1925 1975
- Modern Genetics Vocabulary
- Main topics Details, pictures, examples
- will go here will go here
40gene
- A hereditary unit that occupies a specific
location (locus) within the chromosome. - A unit that has one or more specific effects on
the phenotype of an organism. - A unit that can mutate to various allelic forms.
-
41epistasis
- The nonreciprocal interaction of non-allelic
genes. - A situation arising when expression of one type
of gene masks or covers up the expression of
another gene. -
42- Agouti (A) is dominant to albino (a).
- Agouti (B) is dominant to black (b).
43- Possible genotypes and phenotypes
- AABB
- AABb
- AAbb
- AaBB
- AaBb
- Aabb
- aaBB
- aaBb
- aabb
44(No Transcript)
45AaBb x AaBb
- AB Ab aB ab
- AB AABB AABb AaBB AaBb
- Ab AABb AAbb AaBb Aabb
- aB AaBB AaBb aaBB aaBb
- ab AaBb Aabb aaBb aabb
46lethal allele
- An allele that is lethal to the organism in a
homozygous form. Heterozygous forms do not
display the lethal allele. It produces 21
phenotypic ratios.
47The Case of the Tailless Cats
- Mm x Mm
- M m
- M MM Mm
- m Mm mm
-
48Gregor Mendel
- Working with pea plants,
- Mendel discovered
- dominant and recessive
- traits are passed from one
- generation to another in
- predictable ratios. He published his results in
- the paper Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden
- in 1865.
4934 years pass
50Independent Research Confirms Mendels Discoveries
- Hugo de Vries works with primroses.
- 1900
- Carl Correns works with peas.
- 1900
- Erich von Tschermak works with
- peas and primroses.
- 1900
51Chromosomes
- Nettie Stevens makes the connection between
gender and the X and Y chromosomes. - 1905
-
- Edmund Beecher Wilson independently makes the
same connection. - 1905
52 Thomas Hunt Morgan
- 1910
- Studied the genetics of Drosophila.
- Found a white eyed mutant male.
- Identified a connection between sex
- and genetic characteristics.
53Hermann J. Muller
- 1927
- Used X-rays to induce mutations in
- Drosophila. Created techniques that allow
scientists to make - mutations in test organisms.
-
- Extra credit what award did
- Muller receive for his work?
54Biology DMA 1/18/2005
- Why would a geneticist find it useful to study
mutated organisms? - Hint Compare and Contrast
55- Dig out these notes, were continuing them today
- 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
- 1825 1875 1925 1975
- Modern Genetics Vocabulary
- Main topics Details, pictures, examples
- will go here will go here
56Fred Griffiths Experiment 1928
Proposed that some unknown principle was able
to transform the harmless R strain of Diplococcus
into the killer S strain.
57Barbara McClintock
- 1931
- Working with maize plant mutants created with
X-rays, discovers jumping genes. - This upsets the notion that genes occupy fixed
locations within all cells of an organism.
"I know my corn plants intimately, and I find it
a great pleasure to know them."
58crossing-over
- A process where ends of homologous chromosomes
are swapped and exchanged during meiosis.
59One Gene/One Enzyme Hypothesis
- 1941
- George Beadle and Edward Tatum irradiate
Neurospora crassa, a haploid bread mold, and
study the growth of the mutants on special media
solutions.
60- Bread mold mutants are grown in broths missing
one of the 20 essential amino acids. - Mold that fails to grow in a broth
- is identified as having a mutation that prevents
the formation of an enzyme.
61The Transforming Principle 1944
- "Assuming that the sodium desoxyribonucleate and
the active principle are one and the same
substance, then the transformation described
represents a change that is chemically induced
and specifically directed by a known chemical
compound. If the results of the present study
on the chemical nature of the transforming
principle are confirmed, then nucleic acids
must be regarded as possessing biological
specificity...."
Oswald Avery
Maclyn MacLeod
Colin MacLeod
62Chargaffs Rule 1950
- Erwin Chargaff noticed there is a
- 11
- ratio of
- adenine to thymine
- and
- guanine to cytosine
- in DNA.
63An Important Picture
- Sodium deoxyribose nucleate from calf thymus,
Structure B, Photo 51, taken by Rosalind E.
Franklin 1951
64 1952
- Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase use
radioisotopes of sulfur and phosphorus to confirm
that DNA is the molecule involved in heredity.
65The Hershey/Chase Blender Experiment
66An Important Lab Report
James Watson Francis Crick
67deoxyribonucleic acid
- A nucleic acid polymer comprised of nucleotides
the sugar deoxyribose joined to a phosphate group
and one of the nitrogenous bases adenine,
thymine, guanine, and cytosine. - DNA
68Exploring the Way Life WorksAnswer these
questions on your own paper.
- Which parts of a nucleotide form the backbone of
the DNA molecule? (4.5) - In genetics, what is a transformation? (4.5)
- How is a nucleotide different from a gene? (4.5)
- What is a complementary sequence? (4.6)
- Which bases form pairs? (4.6)
- What holds these pairs together? (4.6)
- What is a helix and what causes DNA to have a
double helix? (4.7) - What functions are provided to DNA by the double
helical form? (4.7)
69Exploring the Way Life WorksAnswer these
questions on your own paper. (Yes, the same paper
from 1/18.)
- 9. What happens to DNA before Mitosis or Meiosis?
(4.8) - 10. What characteristic of the form of DNA allows
it to make two perfect copies of itself? (4.8) - 11. What term used by scientists refers to DNA
copying itself ? (4.8) - 12. Why is it inaccurate to say that DNA copies
itself, as I have done in the two previous
questions? (4.9) - 13. How fast is DNA replicated? (4.9)
- 14. Why are enzymes important for replication?
(4.9) - 15. How many polymerase enzymes are required for
replication and what do they do? (4.9) - 16. What process and organelle produces the ATP
required for replication? (review from this
semester)
70Exploring the Way Life WorksAnswer these
questions on your own paper. (Yes, the same paper
from 1/18 and 1/19.)
- 17. How do scientists make copies of a piece of
DNA? What is the technical name for this
process? (4.10) - 18. What is PCR and how does it work? (4.10)
- 19. What are VNTRs and how are they used by
scientists? (4.10) - 20. How do restriction enzymes work? (4.10)
- 21. Create an analogy for how gel electrophoresis
works. (4.10) - 22. How were PCR and DNA fingerprinting used to
identify the heart of Dauphin Louis XVII? (4.10) - 23. How do organisms correct mistakes or damaged
nucleotides in DNA? (4.11) - What are three changes that can happen to DNA due
to a mutation? (4.12) - How is RNA different from DNA? Compare and
Contrast (4.13, 5.8)
71Biology DMA 1/20/2005
- Prepare a piece of paper for todays lab
activity on DNA Replication. - There will be numbered procedural steps today
labeled as step . - There will be questions to answer today labeled
as question . There are six questions.
72Replication Lab
- Question 1 What are the four nucleotide bases
that make up DNA? - Step 1 Choose one person for your partner.
Move so that you can work next to them. Everyone
writes the answers on their own papers. There
are no shared answer papers. - Step 2 Pick up the following amounts and kinds
of paper clips 14 blue, 14 white, 9 red, and 9
green.
73Replication Lab
- Blue represents adenine, white represents
thymine, red represents cytosine, and green
represents guanine. - Step 3 Use the appropriate paper clips to make
the following strand of DNA - A A G C T T A T G G
- Question 2 What is the complementary strand of
DNA for the chain you just made?
74Replication Lab
- Step 4 Make the complementary strand out of
the appropriate paper clips. - Step 5 Match up the complementary bases so
that you have created a double strand. This is a
model of a portion of the gene for human growth
hormone (hGH).
75Replication Lab
- Step 6 Open the hGH DNA as shown
- A A G C
- T T A T G G
- A T A C C
- A
- T T C G
76Replication Lab
- Step 7 Using the remaining paper clips, start
making new strands of DNA that will complement
the two strands you are separating. Continue
until you have two new hGH DNA molecules. - Question 3 What differences are there between
the two genes? - Question 4 What characteristics of the form of
DNA affect its ability to replicate?
77Replication Lab
- Question 5 What effect does a mutation have on
replication? - Step 8 Disassemble one of the two hGH genes.
- Step 9 Disassemble the complementary strand
that you made earlier.
78Replication Lab
- Step 10 The remaining DNA is exposed to
harmful UV radiation from a tanning booth,
causing a mutation. Change the second adenine
into cytosine. Make the appropriate paperclip
switch. - Step 11 Make the complementary DNA that will
bind to this mutated gene. - Step 12 Replicate the mutated gene.
79Replication Lab
- Question 6 How will replication lead to the
spread of this gene throughout a number of new
cells? - Step 13 Disassemble all of the paperclips and
put them back in the container.
80Biology DMA 1/24/2005
- Read 5.4 How Orders Translate into Assembled
Boxes of Donuts in Exploring the Way Life Works. - There are four different nucleotides in DNA
(A,T,?, and ?). There are 20 different amino
acids used to build proteins. - How many different 3 nucleotide codes are
possible? - One three letter code means start and three
codes mean stop. Each amino acid has more than
one code. How many codes would each amino acid
have?
81 AAUGGCAUAGGCACCACGCUCGGACGUGUAGGUAGCCGAGGAGGACCAG
GAGUAUG
Transcription/Translation Lab
- Prepare an entire piece of paper for notes like
this - From Genes to Proteins
- Main topics Details, pictures, examples
- will go here will go here
82ribonucleic acid
AAUGGCAUAGGCACCACGCUCGGACGUGUAGGUAGCCGAGGAGGACCAG
GAGUAUG
- A nucleic acid made from the sugar ribose, a
phosphate molecule, and a nitrogenous base
(adenine, uracil, guanine, and cytosine). - mRNA the type of ribonucleic acid that carries
the message from the DNA in the nucleus to the
ribosome in the cytoplasm. - tRNA the type of ribonucleic acid that gathers
amino acids during protein synthesis. - rRNA the type of ribonucleic acid that is found
in the structure of the ribosome.
83codon
AATGGCATAGGCACCACGCTCGGACGTGTAGGTAGCCGAGGAGGACCAG
GAGTATGAA
- A sequence of three nucleotide bases in a strand
of DNA that is the code for one of the twenty
amino acids used to construct proteins. - A start codon signals the beginning of the new
protein to the ribosome. - A stop codon signals the end of a complete
protein.
84Transcription
- AT
- AT
- AT
- TA
- GC
- GC
- CG
- TA
- CG
- GC
- CG
- AT
- GC
- AT
- Cell Nucleus
85Transcription
- AT
- AT
- A T
- T A
- G C
- G C
- C G A C G G T C G A
- T
- G C
- C A
- G C T
- Cell Nucleus
86Transcription
- AT
- AT
- A T
- T A
- G C
- G C
- C G A C G G T C G A
- T C U G C C A G C U
- G C
- C A
- G C T
- Cell Nucleus
87Transcription
- AT
- AT
- AT
- TA
- GC
- GC
- CG
- TA
- CG
- GC
- CG
- AT
- GC C U G C C A G C U
- AT
- Cell Nucleus
88Translation
- tRNA U C G
- rRNA
- mRNA C U G C C A G C U etc.
- rRNA
- Ribosome
- Linked amino acids
89Transcription/Translation Lab Codes
- Proline CCG red starburst
- Glycine CAA yellow starburst
- Histidine CAU orange starburst
- Start AUG
- Stop UAA
- Uracil U red mm
- Thymine T brown/green mm
- Guanine G yellow mm
- Cytosine C blue mm
- Adenine A orange mm
90Transcription/Translation Lab
- On a piece of paper, draw a nucleus and a
ribosome. - Using the appropriate materials, create the
following strand of DNA in the nucleus TACGTAGTT
GTAATT - Using the appropriate materials, create the
strand of complementary mRNA. - Move the mRNA through the ribosome and assemble
the protein.
91Transcription/Translation Lab
- Using the appropriate materials, create the
following strand of DNA in the nucleus TACGTTGTA
GGCATT - Using the appropriate materials, create the
strand of complementary mRNA. - Move the mRNA through the ribosome and assemble
the protein.
92Transcription/Translation Lab
- Using the appropriate materials, create the
following strand of DNA in the nucleus TACGTAGGC
GTTATT - A mutation occurs. Delete .
- Using the appropriate materials, create the
strand of complementary mRNA. - Move the mRNA through the ribosome and assemble
the protein.
93Biology DMA 2/10/2005
- What is a system?
- List three examples of systems.
94Biology DMA 1/5/05
Cells as Systems
- Prepare an entire piece of paper for notes like
this - Cells as Systems
- Main topics Details, pictures, examples
- will go here will go here
- Summary A summary, as directed, will
- go here
95Match the organelle or cellular structure with
the correct cellular process
- Nucleus Photosynthesis
- Cell membrane Diffusion
- Chloroplast Translation
- Vacuole Protection
- Ribosome Replication
- Mitochondria Movement of molecules
- Cell wall Storage
- Cytoplasm Respiration
- Transcription
96Carbohydrate Synthesis/Use System
- Solar energy
- Atmosphere
- Soil
- Chloroplast
- (photosynthesis) Cell Membrane
- (diffusion)
- Cytoplasm
- (molecule movement)
- Mitochondria
- (respiration) Associated molecules
- ATP C6H12O6 O2 CO2
- Phosphate H2O ADP
97Protein Synthesis System
-
-
- Nucleus
- (control) Ribosome
- (translation)
- Cytoplasm
- (molecule movement)
-
- Associated molecules
- mRNA DNA tRNA
- amino acids rRNA
98Replication System
-
- Chloroplast (photosynthesis) Cell
Membrane - (diffusion)
- Nucleus
- (control/replication) Ribosome
- (translation)
- Mitochondria Cytoplasm
- (respiration) (molecule movement)
-
- Vacuole Associated molecules
- (storage) glucose mRNA DNA tRNA ATP
- amino acids rRNA CO2 H2O O2
99Works Cited
- Felluga, Dino. Undergraduate Guide to Literary
Theory. 17 Dec. 1999. Purdue University. 15 Nov.
2000 html. - Denver Plants.com Shedding some light on your
growing. 2003. nSnare Digital Media. 8 Jan.
2005. . - Science, Tobacco, and You. 2005. Florida State
University Research Foundation, Inc. 10 Jan.
2005. . - Atkins, David L. Color Blindness. 16 Dec. 1998.
George Washington University. 10 Jan. 2005.
ind.html. - Got Pets Online.com. 2005. GotPetsOnline.com.
7 Jan. 2005. . - Online Biology Book Farrabee
- Profiles in Science National Library of Medicine.
6 Aug. 2004. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
15 Jan. 2005. . - LaMunyon, Craig W. PCB 4522/6446 Molecular
Genetics. 2001. Dakotacom. 15 Jan. 2005.
MolGenSyl.html. - Nobelprize.org. 14 Dec. 2004. The Nobel
Foundation. 15 Jan. 2005.
. - Lasker Foundation.
- Harden, Victoria A. Office of NIH History. 2004.
Department of Health and Human Services. 15 Jan.
2005. . - Mead, Cliff, Tom Hager, Chris Petersen and Ryan
Wick. Linus Pauling and the Race for DNA a
Documentary History. Special Collection, The
Valley Library, Oregon State University. 15 Jan.
2005. llections/coll/pauling/dna/index.html.