Intelligence

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Intelligence
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• What Is Intelligence?
• For the Cree of N. America, a Good Thinker Is
• Wise
• Thinks Carefully, Slowly, Thoroughly
• Respectful
• Pays Attention
• Has a Good Sense of Direction
• Self-Sufficient

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• For the !Kung of the Kalahari
• For Most African Cultures, Intelligence Is
  Couched in Practical Abilities and Competencies
• Vast Knowledge About Animals and Their Behaviors

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• For Australian Aborigines
• Can Do Well on Memory Tasks If the Stimuli Are
  Rocks, but Not If They Are Numbers

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• Kipsigi of Kenya
• Closest Word for Intelligence Is Ngom
• Which Also Connotes Obedience and Responsibility

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• Survey of Cambodian, Mexican, Filipino, and
  Vietnamese Immigrants Showed
• Intelligence Includes
• Motivation
• Social Skills
• Practical School Skills
• Analytical Thinking

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• For Western/European Societies
• Verbal Skills (Ability to Read and Write)
• Types of Mathematical and Spatial Ability

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• All of These Are Different, So Is There No One
  Thing That Is Intelligence?
• Some Say There Is One Thing That Underlies All of
  These
• These Are Hierarchical Models of Intelligence
• Some Say There Is No One Thing
• These Are Multidimensional Models of Intelligence

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• Two General Ways of Conceptualizing Intelligence
• Two Multidimensional Models
• 1. Sternbergs Triarchic Model
• There Are Three Types of Intelligence
• 1. Analytic (or Academic) Intelligence
• - Measured by Traditional Intelligence and
  Scholastic Tests
• - Tend to Have One, Clearly Defined Answer
• 2. Creative
• - Involve Extemporaneous Thinking
• - The Drawing of Unique Conclusions
• 3. Practical
• - Requires Information Seeking and the Use of
  Tacit Knowledge
• - Have Various Possible Conclusions

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• 2. Gardners Multiple Intelligences Theory
• Intelligence Is An ability or set of abilities
  that is used to solve problems or fashion
  products that are of consequence in a particular
  cultural setting.
• I.e., Not How Smart Are You? But How Are You
  Smart?

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• 2. Gardner (cont.)
• Seven Types
• 1. Musical
• 2. Body/Kinesthetic
• 3. Spatial
• 4. Linguistic or Verbal
• 5. Logical/Mathematic
• 6. Intrapersonal (Self-Understanding)
• 7. Interpersonal (Social Skills)

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• 2. Gardner (cont.)
• Now How Does He Know If He Got the Right Ones?
• Neurologically Isolatable
• Child Prodigies (and Normally Discernibly
  Independent Developmental Patterns)

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• Criticisms of Multidimensional Intelligence
  Models
• Denies a General Ability (Like Mental Swiftness)
• Where to Divide Categories Is Somewhat Arbitrary
  (Are Football and Ballet and Typing Intelligences
  the Same?)

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• Three Hierarchical Models
• One Point on Which All of Those Definitions Seem
  to Agree Is That Intelligence Is the Application
  of Cognitive Skills and Knowledge to Learn, Solve
  Problems, and Obtain Goals That Are Valued by the
  Individual and Culture
• 1. Spearmans g (and s)

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• 2. Gf-Gc Theory
• Two (Not One) Over-Arching Factors
• Fluid Has No Specific Content,
• - Instead Is Used to Process Info and
• Approach Novel Situations
• Crystallized Is Specific (Often Cultural)
  Knowledge
• - Language Ability, General World
• Knowledge
• Below That
• Memory (Short and Long Term)
• Visual and Auditory Processing Speeds
• Problem Solving Speeds (Simple and Complex)
• Quantitative Ability

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• 3. Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
• History - Alfred Binet
• Commissioned to Establish Test for Entrance Into
  Special Schools for the Mentally Retarded
• Noted an Increase in Problem-Solving Abilities As
  One Develops

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• History (cont.)
• Thus Created a Checklist of Behaviors and at What
  Age They Typically Emerge
• And Defined IQ As Ones Mental Development
  Relative to Other Kids Ones Own Age
• Or IQ (MA/CA) X 100 (Ranges From 0 to 200)

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• But This No Longer What It Means.
• IQ Is Now Defined As How Well One Does on a IQ
  Test Relative to Everyone Else Who Took It.
• If One As Well As the Average, Then Ones IQ Is
  100
• (And As Most People Are Somewhere Near Average,
  the Scores Tend to Clump Around 100)
• If One Has an Other Score, Its Calculated Based
  on What Percent of People Did Worse
• IQ Is Still the Most Common Operationalization
  for Intelligence

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• Correlations With IQ
• Grades r .50 (r2 .25, I.E., 25 of the
  Variance in Grades)
• Years of Schooling r .55 (r2 .27)
• (Socio-Economic Standing (SES) Also Well Predicts
  Years of Schooling)
• SES r .33 (r2 .10)

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• Job Performance r .30 to .50
• (r2 .10 to .25)
• Measured As, E.g., Supervisor Ratings, Work
  Samples, Etc.
• Juvenile Crime r -.15 (r2 -..02)
• Note That School-Related Activities Are the
  Things Best Correlated With IQ

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• Extremes of IQ
• Mental Retardation
• Defined As IQ Less Than 70
• Many Causes--Both Genetic and Environmental
• Mild Retardation Is Often Both or Either
• E.g., 1-2 of US Citizens Are Mildly Retarded,
  but Less in Mainland China
• Probably Because of the Helpful, Extended Family
  Structure in China
• Severe Is Usually More Genetic

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• Extremes of IQ (cont.)
• Giftedness
• Are Gifted People Maladjusted?
• If Mildly Gifted (IQ 130-180)
• Average to Above Average Personality Adjustment
• Slightly Better Chances at Marital Success
• Much Better Chances at Vocational Success
• If Extremely Gifted (IQ180), Tend to Have Above
  Average Adjustment Problems

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• Theorized IQs of Some People
• Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Germany Poet/Writer.
  Universal genius. 210
• Emanuel Swedenborg Sweden Religious writer.
  Universal genius. 205
• Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz Germany
  Philosopher/Mathematician, etc. The greatest
  universal genius together with Leonardo da Vinci.
  205
• John Stuart Mill England Philosopher/Economist/P
  olitical theorist 200

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• Theorized IQs of Some People (cont.)
• Blaise Pascal France Mathematician/Physicist/Rel
  igious thinker 195
• Ludwig Wittgenstein Austria Philosopher 190
• Bobby Fischer U.S.A. Chess player 187
• Galileo Galilei Italy Physicist/Astronomer/Philo
  sopher 185
• René Descartes France Philosopher/Mathematician
  180

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• Theorized IQs of Some People (cont.)
• Madame De Stael France Woman of
  letters/Novelist/Political Philosopher 180
• Immanuel Kant Germany Philosopher 175
• Sofia Kovalevskaya Russia/Sweden
  Mathematician/Writer 170
• Thomas Chatterton England Poet/Writer 170
• Charles Darwin England Naturalist 165

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• Theorized IQs of Some People (cont.)
• Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Austria Composer 165
• Albert Einstein Germany Mathematician/Physicist
  161
• George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans) England Writer -
  Close friend to J.S. Mill. 160
• Nicolaus Copernicus Poland Cleric/Astronomer
  160
• Rembrandt van Rijn Holland Painter/Etcher 155
• George Sand (Aurore Dupin) France Writer 150

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• Influences on IQ
• Environment
• Rats Reared in an Enriched Environment Are Not
  Only Better Learners, but Have Greater Brain Mass
• In Humans, Among the Best Predictors of a Childs
  IQ (and Language Ability) Are
• 1. An Enriched Home Environment
• 2. Positive Mother-Child Interactions That
  Foster
• Interest and Exploration
• 3. Maternal Knowledge About Child Rearing and
  Development

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• There Is a High Correlation Between Number of
  Risk Factors and IQ of Children Ages 4 and 13 (up
  to About -.60)
• In Fact, Most Studies of the Relation of
  Environment on IQ Show What Things Can Stunt IQ
  Development
• E.g., Lead, Alcohol, Complication at Birth (and
  Low Birth Weight)
• But, As One Grows Up, Their IQ Is Better and
  Better Predicted by Heredity (.45 in Children,
  but About .75 in Adulthood)

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• Genetics
• Studies With Monozygotic (MZ) and Dizygotic (DZ)
  Twins and Siblings
• MZ Twins Have the Same Genotype
• DZ Twins and Siblings Average Sharing Half of
  Their Genes
• Tested IQs of These Groups, Found
• 1. Sharing the Same Time of Birth Produces a
  Higher Corr (DZs IQ Correlate About .62,
  Siblings .41)
• 2. But Since DZ Twins IQs Are More Highly Than
  MZ Twins (MZ r .86), There Is a Strong Genetic
  Component.

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• So, Both Environment and Genetics Contribute
• But Genetics May Contribute a Bit More
• And Environment May Normally Contribute Primarily
  (but Not Only) by Providing a Good Place for the
  Genes to Express Themselves

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• Group Differences
• How Much and How IQ Is Genetic or Environmental
  Is Important to Discern to Explain Some
  Differences
• Gender Differences
• Men Tend to Have Better Spatial and Quantitative
• Women Better Verbal
• Why?
• Cultural Expectations?
• Hormonal (Supermales in Jail)

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• Ethnic
• Evidence of Genetic Reasons for Differences
• Not Much Research Done
• But What There Is Has Not Yet Found Any Evidence
  of a Genetic Contribution

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• Environmental
• Its Only Been About One Generation Since the
  Civil Rights Movements
• African-Americans Still Are Over-Represented in
  Poverty
• Along With Native Americans, Are a Caste-Like (or
  Involuntary) Minority
• - Thus Suffer From Lack of Effort
  Optimism or the
• Belief That Their Work and Effort Will
  Be Justly
• Rewarded

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• The Flynn Effect
• Real, but Why?
• Mostly on Tests Created to Be Free of Cultural
  Bias
• African-Americans Are the Most Quickly Increasing
  Group, Hispanics Second, Whites Slowest