OBJECTIVES

1

• OBJECTIVES
• A thorough study of Chapter 15 should enable you
  to understand
• conditions in the former Confederacy after
  Appomattox that would have made any attempt at
  genuine reconstruction most difficult.
• The differences between the Conservative and
  Radical views on the reconstruction process and
  the reasons for the eventual Radical domination.
• The functioning of the impeachment process in the
  case of President Andrew Johnson and the
  significance of his acquittal for the future of
  Reconstruction.
• Radical Reconstruction in practice and Southern
  (black and white) reaction to it.
• The debate among historians concerning the nature
  of Reconstruction its accomplishments and its
  harmful effects on the South.
• The national problems faced by President Ulysses
  S. Grant and the reasons for his lack of success
  as chief executive.

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OBJECTIVES Cont 8. The diplomatic successes
of the Johnson and Grant administrations and the
role of the presidents in achieving them. 9.
The greenback question and how it reflected the
postwar financial problems of the nation. 10.
The alternatives that were available during the
election of 1876 and the effects of the so-called
Compromise of 1877 on the South and on the
nation. 11. The methods used by white
Southerners to regain control of the region's
politics. 12 The reasons for the failure of
the South to develop a strong industrial economy
after Reconstruction. 13. The ways in which
Southerners decided to handle the race question
and the origin of the system identified with "Jim
Crow."
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• Reconstruction and the New South

4
Reconstruction and the New South

• The Problems of Peacemaking  
• The Aftermath of War and Emancipation 

Richmond, VA 1865 (Library of Congress)
5
RECONSTRUCTION
PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION 1865 ARTICLE XIII
- CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION 1868
ARTICLE XIV - 1870 ARTICLE XV 1871
KLU KLX KLAN ACT END OF RECONSTRUCTION 187
7 - COMPROMISE OF 1877 1878 - POSSE COMITATUS
ACT
6
Reconstruction and the New South

• The Problems of Peacemaking  
• Plans for Reconstruction 
• Competing Notions of Freedom 
• African-Americans Vs. Southern Whites
• Freedmans Bureau 
• The Death of Lincoln  
• The Death of Lincoln  
•  

Abraham Lincoln, 1865 (Library of Congress)
7
Reconstruction and the New South

• The Problems of Peacemaking  
• Johnson and Restoration 
• Amnesty and Oaths of Allegiance 
• Provisional Governments
• Wade-Davis Bill

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I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United
States of America and to the country for which
it stands one nation under God, indivisible,
with liberty and justice for all.

• The pledge of allegiance was written in 1892 by
  Francis Bellamy.
• The Pledge of Allegiance was said for the first
  time on Columbus Day in 1892. Children in more
  than 120,000 schools across the country joined in
  the very first salute to the flag. 

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Confederate Oath of Office
I ____ do solemnly swear that I will faithfully
and impartially perform all the duties incumbent
upon me as ____ of Henderson County according to
the best of my skill and ability agreeable to the
constitution and laws of the State of Texas and
also the constitution and laws of the Confederate
States of America so long as the State of Texas
shall remain in that Confederacy. And I do
further solemnly swear that since the 2nd day of
March 1861 that I being a citizen of of Henderson
County, Texas have not fought a duel with deadly
weapons, nor have I acted as second in carryng a
challenge or acted, advised, or assisted any
person thus offending, so help me God.
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RECONSTRUCTION LOYALTY OATH
Oath of Allegience No. 584 THE STATE OF
MISSISSIPPI. I, ___________, do solemnly swear
(or affirm,) in the presence of Almighty God,
that I will hereafter faithfully support, protect
and defend the Constitution of the UNITED STATES,
and the union of the States thereunder and that
I will, in like manner, abide by, and faithfully
support all laws and proclamations which have
been made during the existing rebellion with
reference to the emancipation of slaves. So help
me God. 
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OFFICIAL Oath of Office (Except for the President
and Enlisted Soldiers) I do solemnly swear (or
affirm) that I will support and defend the
Constitution of the United States against all
enemies, foreign and domestic that I will bear
true faith and allegiance to the same that I
take this obligation freely, without any mental
reservation or purpose of evasion and that I
will well and faithfully discharge the duties of
the office on which I am about to enter So help
me God.
12
Presidential Oath of Office   "I, name, do
solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully
execute the office of President of the United
States, and I will to the best of my ability,
preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of
the United States."
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SOLDIERS OATH OF OFFICE 'I, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _, do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will
support and defend the Constitution of the United
States against all enemies, foreign and domestic
that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the
same and that I will obey the orders of the
President of the United States and the orders of
the officers appointed over me, according to
regulations and the Uniform Code of Military
Justice. So help me God.'
14
Reconstruction and the New South

• Radical Reconstruction 
• The Fourteenth Amendment
• Guidelines for Citizenship
• No denial of suffrage
• Denial of Confederates from Congress 
• The Congressional Plan
• Stricter readmission
• Military Zones
• Black male suffrage 
• The Black Codes 
• Vagrancy Laws 
• Manumission
• Civil Rights Act of 1866

15
Reconstruction and the New South

• The Impeachment of the President
• Tenure of Office Act
• Edwin M. Stanton 
• The Reconstructin Governments 
• Carpetbaggers
• Blacks in Congress 
• Landownership The South in Reconstruction 
• Landownership and Tenancy

16
Reconstruction and the New South

• The South in Reconstruction 
• Incomes and Credit
• Rise in Wage
• Loss of Hours
• Crop-Lien system  
• The African-American Family in Freedom
• Migration
• Shifting gender roles

17

• The Grant Administration  
• The Soldier President 
• Stalwart dominance
• Importance of Black vote
• Spoils system 

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Reconstruction and the New South

• The Grant Administration
• The Grant Scandals 
• Credit Mobilier
• Whiskey Ring
• Indian Ring

• The Greenback Question 
• Greenback Vs. Sound currency 
• Specie Resumption Act
• National Greenback Party

19
Reconstruction and the New South

• The Grant Administration
• Republican Diplomacy 

Sewards Folly?
20
Reconstruction and the New South

• The Abandonment of Reconstruction    
• The Southern States Redeemed
• Enforcement Acts
• Suspension of habeas corpus
• Federal occupation  
• Waning Northern Commitment 

21
Reconstruction and the New South

• The Abandonment of Reconstruction   
• The Compromise of 1877  

22
The Abandonment of Reconstruction

•  The Posse Comitatus Act of 1878
• SEC. 15. From and after the passage of this act
  it shall not be lawful to employ any part of the
  Army of the United States, as a posse comitatus,
  or otherwise, for the purpose of executing the
  laws, except in such cases and under such
  circumstances as such employment of said force
  may be expressly authorized by the Constitution
  or by act of Congress and no money appropriated
  by this act shall be used to pay any of the
  expenses incurred in the employment of any troops
  in violation of this section And any person
  willfully violating the provisions of this
  section shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor
  and on conviction thereof shall be punished by
  fine not exceeding ten thousand dollars or
  imprisonment not exceeding two years or by both
  such fine and imprisonment.
• 10 U.S.C. (United States Code) 375

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The Abandonment of Reconstruction

• The Birth of Jim Crow
• 1892 - Plessy Vs. Ferguson
• The End of Jim Crow
• 1954 Brown Vs. Board of Education
• 1964 Civil Rights Act

24
Reconstruction and the New South

• The New South  
• The Redeemers
• White democracy restored
• Bourbons
• Home Rule 
• Industrialization and the New South 
• Rise of industry
• Dominance of wage earning
• Monopoly formation 

25
Reconstruction and the New South

• The New South   
• Tenants and Sharecroppers  

26
Reconstruction and the New South

• The New South   
• African Americans and the New South
• Booker T. Washington
• The Birth of Jim Crow
• Plessy Vs. Ferguson
• Cumming Vs. County Board of Education
• Disenfranchisement of African-Americans 

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The Legacy of Reconstruction and the New South

• On the Historical Record  
• Revisionist History 
• On Popular Culture
• The Birth of a Nation
• On Human Rights
• Race Riots
• Lynching

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Reconstruction and the New South

• Debating the Past RECONSTRUCTION
• William A. Dunning, Reconstruction, Political
  and Economic (1907)
• W.E.B. Du Bois, Black Reconstruction (1935)
• John Hope Franklin
• Kenneth Stamp
• Eric Foner, Reconstruction. Americas Unfinished
  Revolution (1988)
•   

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The Ku Klux Klan 1866 - Founded in the town of
Pulaski, Tennessee 1867 - A former Confederate
General named Nathan Forest became the
Grand Wizard, commander in chief of the KKK 1915
- The Birth of  a Nation 1925 March on
Washington 40,000 (Over 1 million members)
Lynching 1882 - 1968 4,743 persons died of
lynching, 3,446 of them black men and women. 1882
to 1901 100 per year average.
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RACE RIOTS
1863 - New York Draft Riots (108 deaths / ½
dozen lynchings) 1866 - Memphis, TN (46
Killed) 1866 - New Orleans (34 Killed) 1898 -
Wilmington, N. C. (30 Killed) 1906 - Atlanta, Ga.
(12 Killed) 1908 - Springfield, Ill. (6
Killed) 1917 - East St. Louis, Ill. (100-200)
Killed) 1919 - Chicago, Ill. 1919 - Chicago, Ill.
(38 Killed) 1919 - The Red Summer 26 race riots
(over 100 killed) in such cities as Chicago,
Illinois Washington, D.C. Elaine, Arkansas
Charleston, South Carolina Knoxville and
Nashville, Tennessee and Longview, Texas 1921
- Tulsa, Okla. (150-250) Killed) 1923 - Rosewood,
Florida (8 Killed) 1943 - Detroit, Mich. (28
killed)
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GEMEINSCHAFT IN SAN DIEGO COUNTY San
Diego Hammerskin Nation World Church of the
Creator Aryan Nations Fallbrook Tom Metzger /
Founder- White Aryan Resistance Save Our State
(Vanguard Neo Nazi members) Lemon Grove Alex
Curtis / SDSU History Student Oceanside Attack
on Migrants
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LOSING OUR STANDARDS ONE IS TEMPTED TO ASK OF
WHAT USE ARE STANDARDS OF ANY KIND. WHY SEEK TO
HAVE ANY, EITHER PRIVATE OR PUBLIC, IF IN A FEW
YEARS THEY WILL DISSOLVE IN A FLUX OF GOOD
FEELING? IF THERE EVER WAS A WAR FOUGHT ON
BEHALF OF DEMOCRACY, OF INDIVIDUAL LIBERTY, OF
SUBSTANCIAL CHRISTIANITY, IT WAS THE AMERICAN
CIVIL WAR. BOTH SIDES CANNOT HAVE BEEN RIGHT
NOR IS IT TRUE THAT BOTH WERE READY TO SPILL
BLOOD MERELY BECAUSE OF A CONSTITUTIONAL
QUESTION. TO INSIST NOW THAT THERE WAS NO
DIFFERENCE IN THE IDEALS AND PURPOSES OF THE TWO
FORCES OF 1861 IS TO REDUCE HISTORY TO THE PLANE
OF THE MOTION-PICTURE SHOWS, TO MAKE LIGHTOF THE
GREATEST SACRIFICES EVER OFFERED IN THIS OR ANY
COUNTRY FOR THE PRINCIPLES OF PATRIOTISM. IT IS
TO DECRY THE MEN THAT SAVED THE UNION IF WE
DECLARE THAT THERE WAS ONLY A CHANCE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN THEIR VIEWS AND THOSE OF THEIR
OPPONENTS, OR TO ASSERT THAT TIME HAS WIPED OUT
ALL THE PRINCIPLES FOR WHICH LINCOLN AND HIS
FOLLOWERS STOOD. TO TAKE SUCH A POSITION IS TO
SAY THAT THERE IS NOTHING STEADY IN OUR
POLITICAL FIRMAMENT, THAT THERE ARE NO FIXED
STARS OF MORALITY BY WHICH HUMAN BEINGS MUST
STEER - The Nation, New York, 1900
33
RECONSTRUCTION
PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION 1865 ARTICLE XIII
- CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION 1868
ARTICLE XIV - 1870 ARTICLE XV 1871
KLU KLX KLAN ACT END OF RECONSTRUCTION 187
7 - COMPROMISE OF 1877 1878 - POSSE COMITATUS
ACT