Instrumental Music

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Instrumental Music

• Baroque,
• Classical and Romantic Periods

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Assessment
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Instrumental Music

• Baroque,
• Classical and Romantic Periods

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World History Timeline Baroque Period 1610-1750
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World History Timeline Baroque Period 1610-1750
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Baroque Composers
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Baroque Instruments
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The Baroque Era

• In the arts, the Baroque era was a Western
  cultural period, commencing roughly at the turn
  of the 17th Century in Rome.
• It was represented through performance and
  greatness in sculpture, painting, literature,
  dance and music.

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The Baroque Period

• Music composed between 1610 and 1750.
• It includes the music of composers such as Bach,
  Handel and Vivaldi.
• Music was written to order in these times and all
  composers worked for a patron - such as the
  Church, a royal court, or a wealthy noble.
• There are many different types of music from this
  time which saw the development of many new forms
  in music such as opera, concerto, sonata, fugue,
  the suite and oratorio.

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The Baroque Orchestra

• The baroque orchestra was reasonably small with a
  maximum of thirty people.
• The orchestra normally contains five sections
• Strings 1st 2nd Violins, Violas, Cellos and
  Double Basses
• Woodwind 2 Flutes, 2 Oboes and 2 Oboe DAmore
• Brass 3 Trumpets (Bach trumpet Brighter)
• Percussion Timpani
• Keyboard Harpsichord, Organ

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The Baroque Orchestra

• Listen to part of this minuet, a dance with three
  beats in the bar and in a major key, from
  Handels Music for the Royal Fireworks'.
• You can clearly hear all sections of the
  orchestra and the timpani reinforcing bass notes.
  Notice that the trumpets sound very high, which
  was normal in this period .

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Composer Bach

• Johann Sebastian Bach was a German composer and
  organist who wrote hundreds of works for choir,
  orchestra, and solo instruments.
• Much of Bachs music was written for the church,
  known as sacred music. He did also write many
  secular pieces of music.
• You are going to listen to a famous excerpt from
  a work for organ, Toccata and Fugue in D minor,
  first as written by Bach and then in two
  contrasting styles.

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Toccata and Fugue in D minor
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Toccata and Fugue in D minor
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Composer Vivaldi

• Antonio Lucio Vivaldi was a Venetian priest and
  Baroque composer, as well as a famous virtuoso
  violinist. He was born and raised in Venice,
  Italy.
• The Four Seasons, a series of four violin
  concerti, is his best-known work and a highly
  popular Baroque piece.
• This was one of the first pieces of music written
  to tell a story which tries to portray the words
  of a poem in music, known as Programme Music.

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Programme Music Spring
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Programme Music Spring
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Composer Handel

• George Frideric Handel was a German- born Baroque
  composer, who spent most of his life in England.
• He is famous for his operas, oratorios and
  concerti grossi.
• Listen to this excerpt, which is from his Water
  Music, and notice that there are more
  instruments in this example. Oboes have been
  added to the orchestra along with two trumpets
  and two French horns.

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Water Music - Handel
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Water Music - Handel
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As you listen to each extract, write a definition
for each concept to describe how they sound.
It is important to be able to describe HOW
instruments are played.
Look up your concepts books for words you dont
know!
Int 1
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As you listen to each extract, write a definition
for each concept to describe how they sound.
It is important to be able to describe HOW
instruments are played.
Access 3
Look up your concepts books for words you dont
know!
23
Baroque Assessment

• 1. Listen to this excerpt and identify the style
  of playing
• Blowing
• Arco
• Pizzicato
• Striking

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Baroque Assessment

• 2. Listen to this excerpt and identify the style
  of playing in the accompaniment?
• Blowing
• Arco
• Pizzicato
• Striking

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Baroque Assessment

• 3. Listen to this excerpt and identify the style
  of playing in the solo instrument?
• Blowing
• Arco
• Pizzicato
• Striking

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Baroque Assessment

• 4. Listen to this excerpt and identify
  instruments are being played.
• Arco
• Arco and Pizzicato
• Arco and striking
• Arco and Blowing

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Baroque Assessment

• 5. Listen to this excerpt and identify the
  feature heard in the music?
• Sequence
• Ostinato
• Staccato
• Repetition

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Baroque Assessment

• 6. Listen to this excerpt and identify the style
  of group playing?
• Orchestra
• String orchestra
• Brass Band
• Military Band

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Baroque Assessment

• 7. Listen to that excerpt again and identify the
  most prominent instrument?
• Trumpet
• French Horn
• Violin
• Bassoon

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Baroque Assessment

• 8. Listen to that excerpt again and identify the
  most prominent percussion instrument?
• Snare Drum
• Bass Drum
• Timpani
• Cymbal

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Baroque Assessment

• 9. Listen to this excerpt and identify the first
  instrument that you hear.
• Cello
• Double Bass
• Harpsichord
• Organ

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Baroque Assessment

• 10. Listen to the excerpt again and identify the
  second instrument that you hear
• Cello
• Double Bass
• Harpsichord
• Organ

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Instrumental Music

• Baroque, Classical and Romantic Periods

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The Romantic Era

• A term used to describe the music written from
  about 1830 to 1900.
• Romantic composers aimed to express more emotion
  in their music and looked for a greater freedom
  in form and design.
• Beethoven, Schubert, Chopin and Tchaikovsky are
  all popular Romantic composers.

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The Romantic Period

• Listen to an example from a piano concerto by
  another of the composers of the time, Schumann
• Notice that there is a much larger orchestra used
  in the excerpt, that the solo instrument, a
  piano, starts with the orchestra at the beginning
  and that the excerpt is in the minor key.

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The Romantic Orchestra

• There are four main sections to an orchestra
  strings woodwind, brass and percussion.
• Here is a dramatic excerpt from the start of a
  final movement of the Symphony No. 4 by
  Tchaikovsky in which all four sections of the
  orchestra make a significant contribution to the
  overall sound. 

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The Romantic Orchestra

• String Family
• 1st 2nd violins, violas, cellos and double
  basses
• Woodwing Family
• Flutes, piccolo, oboes, cor anglais, clarinets,
  bassoons, bass clarinet and contra (double)
  bassoons.
• Brass Family
• French horns, trumpets, trombones and tubas
• Percussion Family
• Timpani (kettle drums) and other instruments
  which are hit e.g. snare drum, bass drum,
  xylophone and glockenspiel.

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Before we learn about Opera, copy and complete
the following mind map in your jotter, based on
your current knowledge.
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Before we learn about Opera, copy and complete
the following mind map in your jotter, based on
your current knowledge.
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Opera

• A drama set to music which is performed on a
  stage with solo singers, chorus and scenery, with
  an orchestra in a pit and performed in a theatre.
  Usually there is no spoken dialogue and all the
  singers have trained voices. 

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Opera

• What makes this music Romantic?
• As you listen to the extract, list in your
  jotters the instruments/concepts used.

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Concerto

• Music written for a solo instrument and orchestra
  which is usually in three movements.

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Concerto

• What makes this music Romantic?
• As you listen to the extract, list in your
  jotters the instruments/concepts used.

44
Symphony

• A work for orchestra which is usually in four
  movements.
• Listen to an example from a symphony by
  Tchaikovsky. It is important to remember that in
  the Romantic period, there were often changes of
  mood and tempo, i.e. speed, during one
  movement.  

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Symphony

• What makes this music Romantic?
• As you listen to the extract, list in your
  jotters the instruments/concepts used.

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Programme

• The idea on which the composition is based. It
  could be a picture, a story or a poem. In this
  excerpt the composer tries to portray a scene
  from a ball.

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Programme

• What makes this music Romantic?
• As you listen to the extract, list in your
  jotters the instruments/concepts used.

48
Fanfare

• A flourish for trumpets or other instruments
  imitating them. Usually used as an introduction
  or prelude for an important occasion.

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As you listen to each extract, write a definition
for each concept to describe how they sound.
It is important to be able to describe HOW
instruments are played.
Look up your concepts books for words you dont
know!
Int 1
50
Form in Music

• Binary
• A piece of music which is composed in two
  sections, labelled A and B. Sometimes known as AB
  form. This form is usually associated with music
  from earlier period or from traditional music.
• Listen to this excerpt of a Scottish dance, a
  reel, played on Accordion.

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Form in Music

• Ternary
• A piece of music which is composed in three
  sections. The first section (A) is followed by a
  contrasting section (B) after which the first
  section is repeated (A). Also known as ABA form.
• Listen to this famous Italian Aria which is in
  Ternary form, 'Caro mio ben' .

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Form in Music

• Rondo
• A form often used in the last movement of a
  concerto or sonata. This is the pattern for a
  simple rondo ABACA. A represents each
  repetition of the melody while B and C represent
  contrasting sections called episodes.
• Here is an example from the Classical period,
  1750 -1815, of a rondo from a Horn concerto by
  Mozart.

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Form in Music

• Theme and Variations
• A musical idea used as the basis for a
  composition which is then altered each time it is
  repeated. The theme can be varied by changing the
  rhythm, tonality, pitch, tempo, inversion or
  putting the theme in the bass.
• Listen to a theme and variations by the Late
  Romantic composer Rachmaninov. After a short
  introduction from the orchestra and the piano,
  the theme is introduced by staccato notes in the
  Orchestra, and is then clearly developed by the
  introduction of the piano and a development of
  this main theme.

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Form in Music

• Canon
• Strict imitation. A contrapuntal form in which a
  melody is repeated a few beats or a bar later. A
  canon at the unison is when the second voice
  enters at the same pitch as the first voice a
  canon at the fifth is when the imitating voice
  enters a fifth higher than the original.
• Listen to this excerpt for voices from the 20th
  Century

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Form in Music

• Minuet and Trio
• The minuet is a graceful French dance with three
  beats in a bar.
• The trio is a contrasting minuet after which the
  first minuet is repeated. The first minuet and
  the trio have repeats whilst the minuet when
  repeated has no repeats.

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Romantic Assessment

• Listen to the excerpt and identify the type of
  group you hear.
• Military Band
• Swing Band
• Jazz Band
• Orchestra

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Romantic Assessment

• 2. Listen to the excerpt again and identify the
  type of group of instruments which play
  immediately after the introduction.
• Woodwind
• Brass
• Strings
• Percussion

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Romantic Assessment

• 3. Listen to the excerpt again and identify the
  style of composition.
• Symphony
• Concerto
• Folk Music
• Jazz

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Romantic Assessment

• 4. Listen to the excerpt again and identify the
  scale on which the music is based at the start of
  the excerpt.
• Major
• Minor
• Pentatonic
• Atonal

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Romantic Assessment

• 5. Listen to this excerpt and identify the solo
  instrument.
• Flute
• Violin
• Cello
• Guitar

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Romantic Assessment

• 6. Listen to the excerpt again and identify a
  feature used by the solo instrument.
• Pizzicato
• Double Stopping
• Accelerando
• Diminuendo

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Romantic Assessment

• 7. Listen to the excerpt again and identify a
  feature in the music.
• Rallentando
• Compound Time
• Diminuendo
• Rubato

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Romantic Assessment

• 8. Listen to the excerpt and identify a feature
  used in the music.
• Rallentando
• Rubato
• Accelerando
• Modulation

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Romantic Assessment

• 9. Listen to the excerpt again and identify the
  solo instrument.
• Clarinet
• Flute
• Oboe
• Saxophone

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Romantic Assessment

• 10. Listen to this excerpt and identify the key
  of the music.
• Minor
• Major
• Pentatonic
• Atonal

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Romantic Assessment

• 11. Listen to that excerpt again and identify a
  feature of the music.
• Syncopation
• Imitation
• Accelerando
• Unison or Octaves

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Romantic Assessment

• 12. Listen to this excerpt and identify a feature
  of the music.
• Polyphony
• Homophony
• Syncopation
• Modulation

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Romantic Assessment

• 13. Listen to this excerpt and identify a feature
  of the music.
• Rallentando
• Syncopation
• Imitation
• Rubato

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Romantic Assessment

• 14. Listen to that excerpt again and identify a
  feature of the music.
• Rallentando
• Crescendo
• Diminuendo
• Accelerando

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Romantic Assessment

• 15. Listen to this final excerpt and identify the
  form of the music.
• Rondo
• Theme and Variations
• Binary
• Minuet and Trio

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Romantic Assessment

• 1. Listen to the excerpt and identify the type of
  group you hear.
• Military Band
• Swing Band
• Jazz Band
• Orchestra

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Romantic Assessment

• 2. Listen to the excerpt again and identify the
  type of group of instruments which play
  immediately after the introduction.
• Woodwind
• Brass
• Strings
• Percussion

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Romantic Assessment

• 3. Listen to the excerpt again and identify the
  style of composition.
• Symphony
• Concerto
• Folk Music
• Jazz

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Romantic Assessment

• 4. Listen to the excerpt again and identify the
  scale on which the music is based at the start of
  the excerpt.
• Major
• Minor
• Pentatonic
• Atonal

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Romantic Assessment

• 5. Listen to this excerpt and identify the solo
  instrument.
• Flute
• Violin
• Cello
• Guitar

76
Romantic Assessment

• 6. Listen to the excerpt again and identify a
  feature used by the solo instrument.
• Pizzicato
• Double Stopping
• Accelerando
• Diminuendo

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Romantic Assessment

• 7. Listen to the excerpt again and identify a
  feature in the music.
• Rallentando
• Compound Time
• Diminuendo
• Rubato

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Romantic Assessment

• 8. Listen to the excerpt and identify a feature
  used in the music.
• Rallentando
• Rubato
• Accelerando
• Modulation

79
Romantic Assessment

• 9. Listen to the excerpt again and identify the
  solo instrument.
• Clarinet
• Flute
• Oboe
• Saxophone

80
Romantic Assessment

• 10. Listen to this excerpt and identify the key
  of the music.
• Minor
• Major
• Pentatonic
• Atonal

81
Romantic Assessment

• 11. Listen to that excerpt again and identify a
  feature of the music.
• Syncopation
• Imitation
• Accelerando
• Unison or Octaves

82
Romantic Assessment

• 12. Listen to this excerpt and identify a feature
  of the music.
• Polyphony
• Homophony
• Syncopation
• Modulation

83
Romantic Assessment

• 13. Listen to this excerpt and identify a feature
  of the music.
• Rallentando
• Syncopation
• Imitation
• Rubato

84
Romantic Assessment

• 14. Listen to that excerpt again and identify a
  feature of the music.
• Rallentando
• Crescendo
• Diminuendo
• Accelerando

85
Romantic Assessment

• 15. Listen to this final excerpt and identify the
  form of the music.
• Rondo
• Theme and Variations
• Binary
• Minuet and Trio

86
Instrumental Music

• Baroque, Classical and Romantic Periods

87
The Classical Era

• In the middle of the 18th century, Europe began
  to move to a new style in architecture,
  literature, and the arts generally, known as
  Classicism.
• While still tightly linked to the court culture
  and absolutism, with its formality and emphasis
  on order and hierarchy, the new style was also a
  cleaner style, one that favoured clearer
  divisions between parts, brighter contrasts and
  colours, and simplicity rather than complexity.

88
The Classical Period

• Music composed between 1750 and 1815
  approximately is called classical music. The main
  composers were Mozart, Haydn and the early works
  of Beethoven.
• During this period many forms became fully
  established
• Symphony
• Solo Concerto
• Chamber Music

89
The Symphony

• The symphony was developed by Mozart and Haydn
  into a four-movement work and developed from
  different forms from the Baroque period.
• Listen to an example of the start of the final
  movement of Symphony No. 39 by Mozart.
• Notice a full orchestra of that time of strings,
  woodwind, French horns and timpani and also
  notice the frequent imitation between parts and
  that the section ends with a perfect cadence or
  musical full stop.

90
The Solo Concerto

• The solo concerto continued its development,
  having only just started its existence late in
  the Baroque period.
• Many were written in the Classical period, mainly
  by Mozart, 29 for piano, four for French horn,
  six for violin, two for flute, and one each for
  clarinet, oboe, bassoon and others for various
  combinations of instruments.
• Listen to the opening of the first movement of
  the Concerto for Flute in G major.

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Chamber Music

• Much music was also written for small groups of
  performers. This was called chamber music.
• Here is a complete movement from a string quartet
  - two violins, a viola and a cello - by Haydn.
  This is a minuet and trio, a dance with 3 beats
  in the bar.

92
Form in Music

• The form of the music describes the structure of
  the piece how it is put together.
• We have already learnt many of the common forms
  used in this period
• Binary, Ternary, Rondo, Theme and Variation
• Before we learn about a new Classical form,
  copy and complete the following table into your
  jotter.

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Form in Music
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Form in Music
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Form in Music Scherzo

• Scherzo - Literally means a joke.
• A very fast movement, with three beats in the
  bar, which replaced the minuet in the symphony at
  the end of the Classical period, and was used
  mainly in the Romantic period.

96
As you listen to each extract, write a definition
for each concept to describe how they sound.
It is important to be able to describe HOW
instruments are played.
Look up your concepts books for words you dont
know!
Int 2
97
Classical Techniques

• Alberti bass
• A type of bass part built on chords being split
  up into quaver-type arpeggios using a root 5th,
  3rd, 5th pattern.
• This is often played in the left hand part of
  piano piece.
• It can also be used by the string family in the
  orchestra to accompany.

98
Classical Techniques

• Ground Bass
• A melody, sometimes up to eight bars in length,
  which is played throughout the bass part of a
  piece of music and over which the rest of the
  composition is built.
• This does not only happen in Classical music but
  is often used in pop/rock music. Here it might
  also be described as a Riff a repeated pattern
  in the bass part.

99
Classical Techniques

• Pedal
• A long sustained, or repeated note in the bass
  part over which a whole or part of a composition
  is built.
• Inverted Pedal
• The opposite of a pedal. A long sustained note
  in the top of or above a melody.
• Notice that in this excerpt, there is an inverted
  pedal which is also played tremolando. 

100
Classical Techniques

• Homophony
• Music in which the parts move together in block
  chords. e.g. a hymn tune. The opposite of
  polyphony.
• This singing is a fusion of Zulu singing from
  South Africa, modern harmony and jazz. Listen as
  the voices move together. There is close harmony
  singing and a pizzicato bass.

101
Classical Techniques

• Polyphony
• A style of music in two or more parts in which
  each part is independent and of equal importance.
  
• Polyphony Fugue
• A fugue is a polyphonic style of music built on a
  theme. Notice how the music is built up with the
  theme entering at different pitches.

102
Classical Assessment

• 1. Listen to this excerpt and identify the period
  of music of the composition and two features that
  are present in the music.

Period of Music
103
Classical Assessment

• 2. Listen to this excerpt and identify a feature
  present in the music.
• Pedal
• Inverted Pedal
• Ground Bass
• Alberti Bass

104
Classical Assessment

• 3. Listen to this excerpt and identify three
  features that are present in the music.

105
Classical Assessment

• 4. Listen to this excerpt and identify the type
  of work this music is from.

106
Classical Assessment

• 5. Listen to this excerpt and identify three
  features that are present in the music.

107
Classical Assessment

• 6. Listen to this excerpt and identify the solo
  instrument.
• Trumpet
• Trombone
• French Horn
• Bassoon

108
Classical Assessment

• 7. Listen to this excerpt and identify two
  features that are present in the music.

109
Classical Assessment

• 8. Listen to the excerpt again and identify the
  style of composition.
• Sonata
• Concerto
• Cantata
• Symphony

110
Classical Assessment

• 9. Listen to this excerpt and identify a feature
  present in the music?
• Sequence
• Tremolo
• Alberti Bass
• Diminuendo

111
Classical Assessment

• 10. Listen to that excerpt again and identify
  another feature present in the music.
• Pedal
• Pentatonic
• Polyphonic
• Pause

112
Classical Assessment

• 11. Listen to this excerpt and type in the
  correct name of the solo instrument.

113
Classical Assessment

• 12. Listen to this excerpt and identify two
  features that are present in the music.

114
Classical Assessment

• 13. Listen to that excerpt again and identify a
  feature present in the accompaniment.
• Staccato
• Legato
• Sustained
• Pizzicato

115
Classical Assessment

• 14. Listen to this excerpt and identify the type
  of voice and a feature of the singing.

116
Classical Assessment

• 15. Listen to that excerpt again and identify a
  feature present in the music.
• Ground Bass
• Inverted Pedal
• Alberti Bass
• Pedal

117
Classical Assessment

• 16. Listen to that excerpt again and identify a
  feature present in the music.
• Vibrato
• Con sordino
• Tremolando
• Col legno

118
Classical Assessment

• 17. Listen to this excerpt and type in the name
  of the woodwind instrument you hear.

119
Classical Assessment

• 18. Listen to this excerpt and identify three
  features of the music.

120
Classical Assessment

• 1. Listen to this excerpt and identify the period
  of music of the composition and two features that
  are present in the music.

Period of Music Classical
121
Classical Assessment

• 2. Listen to this excerpt and identify a feature
  present in the music.
• Pedal
• Inverted Pedal
• Ground Bass
• Alberti Bass

122
Classical Assessment

• 3. Listen to this excerpt and identify three
  features that are present in the music.

123
Classical Assessment

• 4. Listen to this excerpt and identify the type
  of work this music is from.

A Sonata
124
Classical Assessment

• 5. Listen to this excerpt and identify three
  features that are present in the music.

125
Classical Assessment

• 6. Listen to this excerpt and identify the solo
  instrument.
• Trumpet
• Trombone
• French Horn
• Bassoon

126
Classical Assessment

• 7. Listen to this excerpt and identify two
  features that are present in the music.

127
Classical Assessment

• 8. Listen to the excerpt again and identify the
  style of composition.
• Sonata
• Concerto
• Cantata
• Symphony

128
Classical Assessment

• 9. Listen to this excerpt and identify a feature
  present in the music?
• Sequence
• Tremolo
• Alberti Bass
• Diminuendo

129
Classical Assessment

• 10. Listen to that excerpt again and identify
  another feature present in the music.
• Pedal
• Pentatonic
• Polyphonic
• Pause

130
Classical Assessment

• 11. Listen to this excerpt and type in the
  correct name of the solo instrument.

Cello or Violoncello
131
Classical Assessment

• 12. Listen to this excerpt and identify two
  features that are present in the music.

132
Classical Assessment

• 13. Listen to that excerpt again and identify a
  feature present in the accompaniment.
• Staccato
• Legato
• Sustained
• Pizzicato

133
Classical Assessment

• 14. Listen to this excerpt and identify the type
  of voice and a feature of the singing.

134
Classical Assessment

• 15. Listen to that excerpt again and identify a
  feature present in the music.
• Ground Bass
• Inverted Pedal
• Alberti Bass
• Pedal

135
Classical Assessment

• 16. Listen to that excerpt again and identify a
  feature present in the music.
• Vibrato
• Con sordino
• Tremolando
• Col legno

136
Classical Assessment

• 17. Listen to this excerpt and type in the name
  of the woodwind instrument you hear.

Flutes
137
Classical Assessment

• 18. Listen to this excerpt and identify three
  features of the music.