Things should be made as simple as possible

1
Relativity, Cosmology and the Quran Some Thoughts
Things should be made as simple as possible
but no simpler. Albert Einstein
2
Al-Rum 306-8
It is a promise of Allah. Allah faileth not His
promise, but most of mankind know not. They know
but the outer (things) in the life of this world
but of the End of things they are heedless. Have
they not pondered upon themselves? Allah created
not the heavens and the earth, and that which is
between them, save with truth and for a destined
end. But truly many of mankind are disbelievers
in the meeting with their Lord.
3
In 1905, Albert Einstein published his theory of
special relativity
The laws of physics are identical to all
observers in an inertial frame of reference
(i.e. moving at a constant velocity)
Therefore, there is no absolute rest or
absolute motion.
4
Galileos Transformation
http//io.uwinnipeg.ca/vincent/4500.6-001/Cosmolo
gy/SpecialRelativity.htm
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Einsteins Second Postulate The Speed of Light
is Constant
http//io.uwinnipeg.ca/vincent/4500.6-001/Cosmolo
gy/SpecialRelativity.htm
6
The speed of light (in empty space) is an
absolute constant of nature No material object
can move at the speed of light (this would
require an infinite amount of energy).
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God is the Light of the heavens and the
earth. (al-Nur, 2435)

• Note that in the universe, there are 1 billion
  photons of light for every material particle!
• (Physics, 6th edition,Douglas Giancoli, p. 938)

7
Consequences of the absolute velocity of
light Length and time are relative
http//homepages.wmich.edu/kaldon/classes/ph115-4
-lectures.htm
http//sol.sci.uop.edu/jfalward/relativity/twinpa
radox.jpg
8
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Verily a Day in the sight of thy Lord is like a
thousand years of your reckoning. (al-Hajj 2247)
???????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????? ???
?????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ??????
The angels and the spirit ascend unto him in a
Day the measure whereof is (as) fifty thousand
years (al-Maarij, 704)
Interestingly, in general relativity, time slows
down in the presence of large mass-energy density.
9
The Theory of General Relativity
http//stringthebean.wordpress.com/2007/04/15/top-
10-greatest-discovery/
10
General relativity is the geometrical theory of
gravitation. It unifies special relativity and
Sir Isaac Newtons law of universal gravitation
with the insight that gravitation is not due to a
force but rather is a manifestation of curved
space and time, with this curvature being
produced by the mass-energy and momentum content
of the space-time. General relativity is
distinguished from other metric theories of
gravitation by its use of the Einstein field
equations to relate space-time content and
space-time curvature.
http//stringthebean.wordpress.com/2007/04/15/top-
10-greatest-discovery/
11
The Einstein Equation of General Relativity (1915)
Components on the left refer to certain measures
of the curvature of spacetime Components on the
right refer to the energy density of matter
Problem To his dismay, Einstein found that the
field equations of general relativity for his
model have no static solutions.
(e.g.Friedmann solutions) Understanding
Relativity, Leo Sartori, p. 316
12
Einstein introduces the Cosmological Constant
Compare with
This allows a static, unchanging universe.
13
Edwin Hubble and his amazing discovery of 1929
http//astro.wku.edu/astr106/Hubble_law_anim.gif
Einstein was wrong. The universe is expanding!!!
The discovery of the expansion of the Universe
was one of the great intellectual revolutions of
the twentieth century. It came as a total
surprise and changed the discussion of the origin
of the Universe. (The Universe in a Nutshell,
Steven Hawking p.76). Einstein calls the
Cosmological Constant my greatest blunder.
14
The Qurans statement on the Universe
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AND IT IS We who have built the universe with
power and, verily, it is We who are steadily
expanding it. Az-Azariyat 5147
Muhammad Asad commentary the phrase inna
la-musiun clearly foreshadows the modern notion
of the expanding universe.
http//www.astroex.org/english/exercise7/images/ex
07_fig03_small.jpg
15
Not just expanding, but expanding precisely!
So our existence tells us that the Universe
must have expanded, and be expanding, neither too
fast nor too slow, but at just the right rate
the relevant number, the so-called
density parameter, was set in the beginning,
with an accuracy of 1 part in 1060 . Changing
that parameter, either way, by a fraction given
by a decimal point followed by 60 zeroes and a 1,
would have the Universe unsuitable for life as we
know it. i.e. /- 0.0000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000001 Cosmic
Coincidences, John Gribbin and Martin Rees, p.18
     ????????????? ????????? ????????
???????????  And the Firmament has He raised
high, and He has set up the Balance (of Justice),
Ar-Rahman 557      
           ?????? ????? ?????? ????????????
?????????Verily, all things have We created in
proportion and measure.   Al-Qamar 5449
16
Following the expansion backward leads to another
startling result of modern cosmology The Big
Bang!! (This term was coined by Fred Hoyle in the
1950s)
Roger Penrose and I were able to show that
Einsteins general theory of relativity implied
that the Universe and time itself must have had
a beginning in a tremendous explosion. (The
Universe in a Nutshell, Steven Hawking p.76).
17
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????????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????
????????????????
Are then, they who are bent on denying the truth
not aware that the heavens and the earth were
once one single entity, which We then parted
asunder? Al-Anbiya (The Prophets)
2130 Fataqnahuma implies a violent tearing
apart
18

• Evidence for the Big Bang
• Relative abundances of hydrogen, helium and
  deuterium.
• The Cosmic Microwave Background radiation
• Predicted by theorists (Gamow 1948) and
  discovered accidentally by
• Penzias and Wilson in 1965 (won them 1978 Nobel
  Prize)
• (interesting note on pigeon droppings).

2130
http//www.phy.duke.edu/kolena/cmbspectrum1.gif
19

• Precision of the Big Bang and the Arrow of Time
• The equations of general relativity and quantum
  mechanics are time
• symmetrical (time can run forward or backward).
• 2. The Universe is time asymmetrical (time runs
  only forward).

The answer seems to be in an extremely ordered
state at the Big Bang which allows entropy
(disorder) to always increase. Not a haphazard
explosion.
Using the Bekenstein-Hawking formula for
black-hole entropy, one can conclude that the
specialness of the Big Bang was quite
stupendous, namely to one part in at least 10 10
123 The Rediscovery of Gravity, Roger
Penrose, in It Must be Beautiful Great Equations
of Modern Science, ed. Graham Farmelo, p. 77.
20
What about the Fate of the Universe Thinking
through the second millennium
The fate of the Universe depends on the mass
density, and whether there is enough matter to
stop the expansion of the universe through the
force of gravity the more matter, the more
gravity. There is a certain critical density at
which the expansion would reverse.
Analogy with escape velocity
http//hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/imgmec/
vesc1.gif
http//www.jb.man.ac.uk/distance/strobel/gravappl/
gravapplb_files/escvel.gif
21
Possible fates of the Universe
Mass density determines the shape of space
http//imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/Images/map/geometry.j
pg
http//aether.lbl.gov/www/science/size.gif
22
The Startling Discovery
When scientists attempted to weigh the
Universe, they made an amazing discovery most of
the matter (90) is made of something completely
unknown to us, different than protons, neutrons
and electrons -- an invisible form of
matter known as Dark Matter, known to us only
because of its gravitational effects. Another
illustration of an illusion, that our matter is
the real matter.
http//www.blogsforcompanies.com/TTimages/dark_mat
ter_map.jpg
23
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??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????????
????????? ???????????? Do they not reflect in
their own minds? Not but with truth and for a
term appointed, did Allah create the heavens and
the earth, and all between them yet are there
truly many among men who deny the meeting with
their Lord (at the Resurrection)! Al_Rum 308
Classical interpretations of wa ma binahuma???
24
Dark matter is critical to our existence it
helps control the exquisitely balanced expansion
rate.
And yet, without the dark matter the invisible
stuff of the Universe the Universe itself would
be a very different place, and we would not
exist. Does the dark stuff exist, in a sense, for
our benefit? Cosmic Coincidences, John Gribbin
and Martin Rees, p. 28
25
It turns out that the Universe is essentially at
the critical density the ratio of Its actual
density to the critical density, called Omega, is
very near 1.
Omega Value of 1.02 /- 0.02 http//facultystaff.
richmond.edu/ebunn/bayes/node4.html
26
One of the best ways to explain this is a theory
called inflation, which requires the flatness of
the Universe (proposed by Alan Guth of MIT around
1980). This theory also solves some issues with
the standard Big Bang models. There is, indeed,
a theory (rather, a group of theories) that makes
flatness a required feature of the Universe.
Such models go by the name inflation, because
they suggest that very early in its lifetime
(during the first split-second) the Universe
expanded by an enormous factor. Cosmic
Coincidences, John Gribbin and Martin Rees, p. 26
http//www.pas.rochester.edu/afrank/A105/LectureX
VI/CosmicTimeline.jpg
27
A New Discovery at the close of the Second
Millennium Dark Energy
Measurements of the speed of recession of Type Ia
supernovae revealed an amazing fact The Universe
is not only expanding, but the expansion is
accelerating, not slowing down as scientists
thought it had to be. This acceleration appears
due to a mysterious energy that is called Dark
Energy.
Dark Energy appears to be, based on the
brightness of the most distant type-Ia
supernovae, a mysterious force that is
accelerating the expansion of the universe. These
recent discoveries have provided good evidence
that there is such an outward force on the
universe (variously called the cosmological
constant, "quintessence," or "dark energy").
http//imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answ
ers/010104a.html
28
Most recent estimates of the contents of the
Universe
http//map.gsfc.nasa.gov/media/080998/index.html
29
??????????? ???????????? ???????? ????????
????????????
AND IT IS We who have built the universe with
power and, verily, it is We who are steadily
expanding it. Az-Azariyat 5147

• Three types of expansion
• The massive expansion of the period of inflation,
  just after the Big Bang
• The steady expansion of the Universe thereafter
• The new acceleration of the expansion secondary
  to dark energy
• ??? Bi aydin

http//www.redorbit.com/modules/reflib/article_ima
ges/6_5daa7ca55793bcf9bd03dd45c1a97f4f.jpg
30
Since we are so close to the critical density, it
is conceivable that if this dark energy changes
character, the Universe could begin to collapse
on itself again i.e. end in a Big Crunch.
31
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?????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????
?????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????
?????????? On that Day We shall roll up the
skies as written scrolls are rolled up and as
We brought into being the first creation, so We
shall bring it forth anew a promise which We
have willed upon Ourselves for, behold, We are
able to do all things! Al-Anbiya 21104
32
A Journey into Gravity and Spacetime John
Archibald Wheeler, p. 36
33
(Physics, 6th edition,Douglas Giancoli, p. 938)
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??????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????
????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ????
???????? He Who created the heavens and the
earth and all that is between, in six days
(periods), and is firmly established on the
Throne (of Authority) Allah Most Gracious ask
thou, then, about Him of any acquainted (with
such things). Al-Furqan 2559
34
Conclusions
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??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????????
????????? ???????????? Do they not reflect in
their own minds? Not but with truth and for a
term appointed, did Allah create the heavens and
the earth, and all between them yet are there
truly many among men who deny the meeting with
their Lord (at the Resurrection)! Al_Rum 308
There is no better evidence to support the
argument that the Universe has been designed for
our benefit -- tailor-made for man. If we
modify the value of one of the fundamental
constants, something invariably goes wrong,
leading to a Universe that is inhospitable to
life as we know it The conditions in our
Universe really do seem to be uniquely suitable
for life forms like ourselves. Cosmic
Coincidences, John Gribbin and Martin Rees
35

• Behold! in the creation of the heavens and the
  earth and the alternation of night and day there
  are indeed Signs for men of understanding.
• Men who celebrate the praises of Allah standing
  sitting and lying down on their sides and
  contemplate the (wonders of) creation in the
  heavens and the earth (with the thought) "Our
  Lord! not for naught hast thou created (all)
  this! Glory to thee! give us salvation from the
  penalty of the fire.
• 
  Al-Imran 3190-191