Electrostatics

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Electrostatics

• Nay, electrophun!!!

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History

• The word electricity comes from the Greek
  elektron which means amber.
• The amber effect is what we call static
  electricity.

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History

• Ben Franklin made the arbitrary choice of calling
  one of the demo situations positive and one
  negative.
• He also argued that when a certain amount of
  charge is produced on one body, an equal amount
  of the opposite charge is produced on the other
  body

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Charge Concepts

• Opposite charges attract, like charges repel.
• Law of Conservation of Charge
• The net amount of electric charge produced in any
  process is zero. thanks Ben!!!
• Symbol q, Q
• Unit C, Coulomb

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Elementary Particles

• If an object has a
• charge ? it has less electrons than normal
• - charge ? it has more electrons than normal

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Ions and Polarity

• If an atom loses or gains valence electrons to
  become or - , that atom is now called an ion.
• If a molecule, such as H2O, has a net positive
  charge on one side and negative charge on the
  other it is said to be polar

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Why does

• Chemistry work?
• Physics!!!
• The electrostatic forces between ions (within
  molecules) form bonds called ionic bondsall
  bonds are ionic others, like covalent, are to a
  much lesser degree so that you can ignore the
  ionic properties of that type of bond.

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Why does

• Biology work?
• Physics!!!
• The intermolecular electrostatic forces between
  polar molecules make such things as the DNA
  double helix possible.

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Types of materials

• Conductor a material that transfers charge
  easily (ex. Metals).
• Insulator a material that does not transfer
  charge easily (ex. Nonmetals)
• Semiconductors somewhere between 1 2 (ex.
  Silicon, carbon, germanium).
• Superconductors some metals become perfect
  conductors below certain temperatures

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Ways to Charge

• By Conduction contact occurs between charged
  object and neutral object.
• Result two objects with same charge
• By induction no contact occurs between charged
  object and neutral object.
• Result two objects with opposite charge
• Credit Card You may use Visa, Master Card, or
  American Express
• Result Debt from high interest rates

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Conduction
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Induction
Polarization
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Conduction or Induction
B
A
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Lightning
Becomes very negative
Becomes very positive
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Electric Force

• AKA Coulombs Law
• Using a torsion balance, Coulomb found that the
  electric force between two charges is
  proportional to the product of the two charges
  and inversely proportional to the square of the
  distance between the charges.

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Electric Force
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Electric Force

• q ? charge, C
• r ? distance between charges, m
• FE ? Electric Force, N ? VECTOR
• kc? coulomb constant, 8.99x109Nm2/C2

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Coulomb Constant
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Electric Field

• The electric force is a field force, it applies
  force without touching (like the gravitational
  force)
• In the region around a charged object, an
  Electric Field is said to exist

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Electric Field

• Rules for Drawing Electric Field Lines
• The lines must originate on a positive charge (or
  infinity) and end on a negative charge (or
  infinity).
• The number of lines drawn leaving a positive
  charge or approaching a negative charge is
  proportional to the magnitude of the charge.
• No two field lines can cross each other.
• The line must be perpendicular to the surface of
  the charge

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Ex 21.58 p 831 Signs Why E smallest, why
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Electric Field

• E ? electric field strength, N/C ? VECTOR
• q0 ? test charge, C
• q ? charge producing field, C
• r ? distance between charges, m
• FE ? Electric Force, N ? VECTOR
• kc? coulomb constant, 8.99x109Nm2/C2

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E-Field vs g-field
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E-Field
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E-Field Calculuspp 813 818
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Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium

• The electric field is zero everywhere inside a
  conductor.
• Any excess charge on an isolated conductor
  resides entirely on the outside surface of the
  conductor.
• The electric field just outside the charged
  conductor is perpendicular to the conductors
  surface.
• On an irregularly shaped conductor, charge tends
  to accumulate where the radius of curvature is
  the smallest, i.e. AT SHARP POINTS.

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Van der Graff Generator
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