Molly Sabia

1
Domestic Leadership in Tudor England

• Molly Sabia
• Nate Prey
• Josh Wolfe
• Michael Maung

2
King Henry Tudor VIII

• "Defender of the Faith by the Pope after writing
  a treatise denouncing Martin Luther's Reformist
  ideas

3
The Kings Great Matter

• Cardinal Wolsey tried to obtain Pope Clement
  VIIs permission for annulment, but was unable.
• Henry created the Reformation Parliament in 1529

Catherine of Aragon
4
Reformation Parliament

• The break from Rome was accomplished through law,
  not social outcry.
• This step was only taken after an annulment from
  the Pope was deemed impossible.
• 137 statutes in seven years
• Religious reform movements had already taken hold
  in England, but continental Protestantism had yet
  to find favor with the English people.
• Henry was named the Supreme Head of the Church of
  England
• 1536- all ecclesiastical and government officials
  were required to publicly approve of the break
  with Rome and take an oath of loyalty.

5
The Acts

• An Act of Submission of the Clergy (1534)
• prevented the Church from making any regulations
  without the King's consent.
• The Ecclesiastical Appointments Act (1534)
• required the clergy to elect Bishops nominated by
  the Sovereign.
• The Act of Supremacy (1534)
• declared that the King was "the only Supreme Head
  in Earth of the Church of England
• The Treasons Act (1534)
• made it high treason, punishable by death, to
  refuse to acknowledge the King as the Church
  leader.
• Act of Succesion (1534)
• Rejecting the decisions of the Pope, Parliament
  validated the marriage between Henry and Anne.

6
After the Break

• Henry became disillusion after the break with the
  Catholic Church
• Consequently, much of the remainder of Henrys
  reign is relatively unexciting.
• Henrys religious policies were somewhat
  confusing, as he considered himself a Catholic
  until the end of his life.

7
Succession

• The Act of Succesion (1544)
• Henry gave the crown to his only surviving son,
  Edward
• Edward was the first Protestant monarch to rule
  England.
• In the event of a death without children, Edward
  was to be succeeded Mary, his daughter by his
  first wife.
• If Mary did not have children, she was to be
  succeeded Elizabeth, his daughter by his second
  wife, Anne Boleyn.
• Finally, if Elizabeth also did not have children,
  she was to be succeded by the descendants of
  Henry VIII's deceased sister, Mary Tudor

8
How He Left the Country

• England was an impoverished country torn apart by
  religious squabbles.
• However, Henry's reformation had produced
  dangerous Protestant-Roman Catholic differences
  in the kingdom. The monasteries' wealth had been
  spent on wars and had also built up the economic
  strength of the aristocracy and other families in
  the counties, which in turn was to encourage
  ambitious Tudor court factions.

9
Pre-Ruling Conflicts

• Before she became Queen, Elizabeth, a Protestant,
  clashed with her sister Mary and other Catholics.
• While her brother Edward was King, Elizabeth was
  unrightfully implicated in a plot to overthrow
  the young King by his uncle Thomas Seymour.
• Then, in the Wyatt Rebellion of 1554, Queen Mary
  accused Elizabeth of being in the plot to
  overthrow her.

10
Re-Establishing Protestantism

• After Elizabeth was named Queen, she
  re-established the Protestant Church in England.
• She herself believed in toleration of all
  religions.
• She was often forced to take a harsher stance on
  punishment of Catholics because of the schism
  between the two sects.
• There is only one Christ, Jesus, one faith all
  else is a dispute over trifles.

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The Act of Supremacy

• Gave Elizabeth ultimate control of the Church of
  England.
• Title of monarch modified to "Supreme Governor
  of the Church in England". 
• Also included an oath of loyalty to the Queen
  that the clergy were expected to take.
• If they did not take it, then they would lose
  their office. 

12
The Act of Uniformity

• Implemented in the summer of 1559
• Crux of Elizabethan Church, establishing a set
  form of worship.
• The Prayer books of Edward VI were fused into
  one, and were to be used in every church in the
  land.
• Church attendance on Sundays and holy days was
  made compulsory.
• The wording of the Communion was to be vague so
  that Protestants and Catholics could both
  participate,
• Had trouble getting passed through Parliament.
• A large number of the Parliament, extremists on
  both sides, opposed the bill

13
Puritans

• Puritans put power in the local parish, above
  anything else, which put it in direct conflict
  with the monarchy.
• The Church of England was more dedicated to
  England and the Queen than to God, which troubled
  Protestants
• Elizabeth's government was able to keep the
  Puritan movement underground. 
• John Whitgift, Archbishop of Canterbury, adopted
  some reforms, but did not want to create Puritan
  martyrs, as Mary I had created Protestant ones. 
• He was also more interested in establishing a
  uniform clergy rather than debating doctrine. 

14
The Northern Rebellion

• In 1569, The Catholics of Northern England
  started a rebellion with the hopes of taking away
  the English crownfrom Elizabeth and giving it to
  Mary, Queen of Scots.
• Led by two members of the Northern nobility
• Charles Neville
• Thomas Percy
• Led to a Papal Bull set forth by Pope Pius V, The
  Bull of Deposition (Regnans in Excelsis),
  excommunicating Elizabeth.
• The Bull of Deposition was issued after the
  putting down of the rebellion but it led
  Elizabeth to stop her policy of religious
  toleration.
• The Catholic powers of Europe were also ordered
  to act against the unlawful queen as she was a
  heretic and enemy of the true faith. 

15
Advisors

• Elizabeth was especially gifted at choosing smart
  people to help her lead.
• Elizabeth and Cecil ruled England Almost side by
  side until his death in 1598
• Privy Council

16
Parliament

• The House of Lords
• The Queen had a more direct effect on these
  members, as she appointed bishops and created
  many of the positions.
• The House of Commons.
• Knights of the shire  - each county sent two
  representatives
• borough members - many towns had acquired the
  right to  elect members
• The consent of both houses and the Queen was
  required to pass all laws.  
• The Monarch summoned the Houses of Parliament and
  could prorogue (temporarily suspend) or dissolve
  Parliament at will. 
• Only Parliament could make law and levy taxes

17
Court System

• The Great Session (Assizes) and the Quarter
  Sessions Court dealt with most crimes, such as
  theft, witchcraft, recusancy, murder, and
  assault.
• For less important crimes there were other courts
• The Church Courts were important in dealing with
  religious or moral affairs.

18
Scotland

• Many believed that Mary, Queen of Scots, a
  catholic, was the rightful Queen of England.

• Elizabeth locked her up in the Tower of London
  for 20 years.
• Elizabeth executed her after the plot of Babington

19
Conclusion

• Overall, Elizabeth was much better at handling
  the conflicts between feuding portions of the
  country.
• Elizabeths skills as a realpolitique helped her
  manage the balance between the Catholic and
  Protestant sects.
• Henry was much more of a traditional monarch and
  spent more time on his social and romantic life
  than on leading the country.

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THE END